Years ago I read the most popular normie investor book, the intelligent investor, and it talks about calculating fair value. Once you get that, you basically buy at prices below that for the companies you’ve determined are good. I remember looking up all kinds of calculators that do the math for you but all the calculators did it differently. So I never got the same numbers. I ended up just doing the math myself and I found out that literally ALL the relevant stocks were overvalued. That explains why all the calculators online were inconsistent. They started changing the formula because the original formula was useless. In fiat world, when the math isn’t mathing, you change the math rules lmao. Markets have been broken for a long time. The numbers make no fucking sense if you don’t understand the fed.