Water molecules have natural rotational and vibrational modes in the microwave frequency range. WiFi and Bluetooth use this range too.
Microwaves heat food by matching the frequency of water molecule motion, causing them to rotate and heat up.
This heating effect is a thermal effect, they cannot ionize atoms or molecules directly.
Higher frequency electromagnetic waves carry more energy per photon, which can make them more dangerous in terms of ionizing radiation (like X-rays or UV light) that can damage DNA and cells.
Lower-frequency microwaves require much higher intensities to cause harm, and only through heating.
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20ghz and 80ghz microwave frequencies do have ionising effects though. starlink uses both of these i believe, and generally they have been restricted to military uses. one ionises oxygen and the other ionises something else, i forget.
also, microwaves do not only interact with water, they interact with all OH- and H+ ions as these are basically water that has temporarily divided into two parts with teh electron on the base side. so they additionally interact with and cause extra heating to all kinds of salts because not only are they flipping the water and hydronium/hydroxyl ions they are inducing current in the salts, potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium.
it's quite an interesting subject, actually, microwave chemistry. the combination of ion exchangers and salts enable inducing electrons to cause chemical reactions at much lower temperatures than normal. but that's not tinfoil hat stuff. and what do you think is in our skin all over the place, all throughout the volume of our bodies that microwaves penetrate (they pass straight through the fat layer of the skin and go usually an inch or so deeper except to bones where they tend to reflect), mostly, lower frequencies like used in wifi and ovens they penetrate bone quite well and bones are full of our immune system too, and lots of salt ions around.
i dunno why this is never mentioned. microwaves aren't ionising so they aren't gonna probably cause cancer, at least not directly with a person whose body isn't full of mercury, lead, cadmium, and other heavy metals, in which case it will, because the electrons will induce oxide radicals more rapidly than if there was no heavy metals in the body.
microwaves induce current in metals. you should also read about and maybe watch some cool experiments, like making ball lightning, or using iron to get heat to cast silver or other relatively soft metals like tin and lead, heated by the microwave. the effect here caused by resistance of current, rather than ions being induced to oscillate their electrostatic poles.
anyway, i forgot all this stuff, it's been some years since i thought much about microwave chemistry and metallurgy. if you read about it you'll see what i mean. ionization of water, sure, it doesn't do that. but it definitely looses electrons in many kinds of metallic based materials including most of the salts that our bodies are full of. mostly yes, this is just heat induction but some organs and structures are just the right size and full of these ions to get tuned and induce current, like the metallurgy and ball lightning experiments you can do (those use iron, btw) and speaking of iron, there is an awful lot of that in our skin as well. especially in vessels that are around the same as the wavelengths of some bands of microwave radio. you probably also know that millimeter waves, which are used in 5g radios and wifi6 at higher voltages are used in directed energy weapons that cause acute pain that feels like you are burning when pointed at your skin. there was cases of birds, also, in early tests of 5g radios that caused internal ruptures in small birds that i read about happening in the netherlands.
oof, now i remember why i have earthing mat under my desk and sheet on my bed, and why i try to avoid having microwave radios around.
in my case, my health issues are more about allergies but i'm sure that extra electrons floating around isn't gonna help things either.
Thanks David. Will take a couple reads and some research to understand.