Don't know this. Interesting design choice. Is there a two-line description of how that works, or would I need to do a deepish dive (which I likely won't do)?

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eeehhh it gets pretty complicated pretty fast. basically if miners increase the blocksize, theres a penalty on the block reward. so there have to be enough fees to make it worth it for them the simplest description is probably this one
The blocksize grows or shrinks based on median number of transactions is pretty much the gist of it. There is a penalty against miners for increasing it too fast and a short, medium, and long term formula for how it works but that gets into the technical weeds.