The misunderstanding begins with an assumption that is never questioned: that continuity is the baseline of reality, and discreteness isn’t fundamental . But conservation of energy and conservation of information require the opposite. You cannot conserve anything in a truly continuous manifold; without finite boundaries, measurement has no meaning. A universe that claims to preserve information must ultimately be built on a finite, ledgered substrate; a Planck-scale ledger beneath all experience. Bitcoin reveals the necessity of such a substrate. By saying “even if time is discrete at the Planck scale, the wavefunction is real enough at the atomic scale” you’re missing the ontological problem: what does “real enough” mean when you have no access to the unit that defines reality? You cannot assert simultaneity or superposition without the ability to measure the smallest unit of time in which simultaneity would occur, Planck Time. Modern physics treats the wavefunction as a real physical state because it has no alternative framework for describing unmeasured possibilities. But unmeasured is not “real.” It is simply unresolved potential, not being. They can’t even define measurement. Bitcoin is the only system where we can see the behavior of a quantized ledger from the outside. It constructs time by transforming Boltzmann entropy into Shannon entropy (memory) at discrete intervals. Because we observe Bitcoin from without, its discreteness is obvious. As you said, between blocks, nothing exists because nothing has been measured. But the mempool is not a “waiting room”; it is the unresolved probability surface that has not yet crossed the thermodynamic boundary required for existence. A hypothetical observer within Bitcoin would experience time as continuous, just as we do universally because they would be composed of the same discretized process that produces time. But from the outside, we see the quantized time directly. This lets us understand wavefunction clearly for the first time. The modern definition imagines superposition as a set of simultaneously existing physical states. But that is equivalent to claiming a single UTXO exists in multiple double-spent forms in the mempool and all are “real” until the block is mined. In Bitcoin, those states do not exist. They are possibilities that have not yet crossed the boundary into measurement. Only one outcome becomes real because only one is thermodynamically committed. This is the correct definition of collapse, not the Copenhagen observer based nonsense. Also, when you say Bitcoin “doesn’t model entanglement” or “nothing exists between blocks,” you are actually pointing to the revelation Bitcoin makes visible: nothing should exist between blocks of quantized time. Existence requires thermodynamic commitment. Reality is not the wavefunction; the wavefunction is a description of what has not yet been committed to the ledger of time. Superposition is not a cloud of simultaneous real states. It is the list of admissible futures prior to the next quantum of time. Utxo lineage is literally entanglement with proof. Quantum theory treats the “mempool” as the “blockchain”. Bitcoin shows why that is wrong. The only reason physicists cling to continuous time and “real” wavefunctions is because they cannot measure at the Planck scale. They cannot test the ontology, so they fill the gap with the observable probability. Bitcoin is testable. It is observable (verifiable). It is a live demonstration of how reality works when conservation of energy and conservation of information are implemented as a finite ledger. Once you have a quantized ledger to observe, the idea that unmeasured states “exist” collapses immediately. Bitcoin is the first window we’ve ever had into the structure of time from the outside, the wavefunction is no longer mysterious. It is simply the mempool of the universe, unmeasured potential. If quantum theory were literally true in the way its narratives describe it, we would don’t need a lab full of superconducting qubits to run Shor’s algorithm we can run it on Bitcoin today. It has enough qubits, and we can coordinate superposed UTXOs in mempool. Just use a single UTXO and broadcast a dozen conflicting spends across the network. According to the quantum ontology, every one of those contradictory states “exists” simultaneously in superposition. They are all “real” states of the system until measurement occurs. In Bitcoin’s terms, that corresponds exactly to mempool propagation: the unresolved, uncommitted surface of all possible futures. Now, wait for a miner to find a valid nonce. At that moment the mempool decoheres and the probability surface collapses into a single thermodynamically committed outcome. All but one of the “superposed UTXOs” vanish. This is exactly what the wavefunction is alleged to do. If we follow the logic of quantum computing, all we need at this point is a “quantum error correction” layer: a trusted black box, conveniently opaque, man behind the curtain to magically restore the superposed states that reality just destroyed. The contradiction is obvious: quantum theory requires physical states to double-spend themselves, to be both spent and unspent, committed and uncommitted, simultaneously. Fiat manifested into physics. Bitcoin proves this ontology false. A UTXO cannot exist in multiple contradictory states; the mempool is not existence. It is potential. Decoherence is not an error, it is the thermodynamic boundary between what exists and what does not. Superposition is not a set of real states; it is the list of admissible, unmeasured possibilities. The entire computational premise of quantum theory depends on treating unmeasured possibilities as real physical states the same way fiat economics treats unbacked liabilities as real money. In both cases, the system assumes double-spent units are legitimate inputs to computation. It is fiat physics: fractionally reserved qubits built on fractionally reserved ontology. Bitcoin ended this worldview in 2009. It shows that measurement is the only thing that confers existence, that time is constructed discretely, and no system can compute using states that have not crossed a thermodynamic boundary. The wavefunction is not a ledger of being; it is the mempool of the universe. And Shor’s algorithm, taken literally, requires a physics that Bitcoin has already falsified. Everyone is fearing Keynesian Computing. The real threat is trusting a model that collapses the moment verification is required.