@Bill Cypher correct me if I'm wrong but the unique digital modes aside many radios can be used with APRS, winlink and js8 as long as you have the right adapters. But these might be a bit different than "talk groups"

Talk groups to me specifically means working with the digital audio; DMR, c4fm, dstar, m17, opensky, mototrbo, and p25 are the ones I can think of off the top of my head. The last 3 are mostly on professional radios and rarely used by hams near me. Opensky I think is basically dead even for professional use. P25 is king for emergency services right now, but they are often encrypted. APRS, winlink, js8, and SSTV are part of a long list of digital modes that pass non audio data in the digital encoding. Think like a modem back in the day. I convert an image or text to a noise pattern then convert back at the other end. APRS is sometimes built in to radios, more often on digital audio radios but doing digital audio modes isn't a requirement to have aprs. All of those digitals modes and others can be used with analog radios if you have the interface cables or even just by audio coupling to a computing device that understands the encoding. For example, I have captured SSTV images sent from the ISS just by holding my VX-6R next to my android phone running the robot36 app. I have also APRS reported my location using my VX-6R and aprsdroid app on android by holding the PTT and then hitting the send position button in the app. This last one is not ideal because you are clogging the airwaves with a transmission far longer than it needs to be, fine for testing or emergencies though. Fldigi on a laptop with an audio cable to a quansheng radio will get you a ton a digital modes for not a lot of sats if you already have the laptop. Then you just need to find someone in range to play with. Digital audio is going to cost about 2x the other digital modes to get started last I looked.