That last part is a particularly difficult problem to address. Any one company is wary of investing too much time on an apprentice because they're free to pick up and leave whenever they want and go work somewhere else. It's a prisoners dilemma of sorts. If we all did our best to give our apprentices a good education (cooperate), we would all benefit from the improved quality of the labour pool, even if individual apprentices moved around from company to company. This could even be a further benefit, as different companies specialize in different types of work, and so apprentices would become more well-rounded. But if we all distrust each other to provide good education (defect), and we distrust our apprentices to stick around for any significant length of time, then we all collectively lose because the general quality of the labour pool is lower, and apprentices are less likely to stick around when they aren't getting the mentorship they need. It's a collective action problem playing out predictably in a low-trust society. I don't have a solution that doesn't infringe on people's freedom (like being indentured to a particular company for a specified length of time), but it's worth pondering.