Both — blockchain is simultaneously liberating and confining; it contains potentials to address capitalist contradictions but so far more often reproduces and financializes them.

Is this technology liberating humanity, or is it confining us in a new way? Is it resolving the inherent contradictions of capitalism, or merely creating a parallel, more speculative, and financialized world?

What are the common sociological angles for examining blockchain technology?

How to understand the saying: Ethereum kills the bank, Bitcoin kills the State.

如何理解：以太坊消灭银行，比特币消灭国家。

Chain Abstraction will bring the user experience of Web3 applications closer to that of Web2, serving as a critical step toward achieving mass adoption.

链抽象将使Web3应用的用户体验趋近于Web2，是实现大规模用户采用（Mass Adoption）的关键一步。

Chain Abstraction relies on technologies such as Account Abstraction (AA), cross-chain messaging protocols, and Intents. Users only need to express an "Intent" (e.g., "I want to buy Token X with my USDC"), and intelligent routing and AI agents will automatically execute the optimal path across multiple chains.

链抽象依赖于账户抽象（AA）、跨链消息传递协议和**意图（Intents）**等技术。用户只需表达“意图”（例如“我想用我的USDC购买X代币”），由智能路由和AI代理自动在多条链上执行最优路径 。

It eliminates the user's perception of the underlying chain, freeing users from the need to worry about which chain their assets are on or which gas token to use, thereby enabling "one-click" cross-chain operations.

消除用户对底层链的感知，让用户无需关心资产在哪条链上、使用哪个Gas代币，实现“一键式”跨链操作。

As multi-chain and modular architectures grow in complexity, User Experience (UX) has become the new bottleneck. Chain Abstraction (ChA) has emerged as the core trend to solve this problem.

随着多链和模块化架构的复杂化，用户体验（UX）成为新的瓶颈。**链抽象（Chain Abstraction, ChA）**成为解决这一问题的核心趋势 。

To address the limitations of transaction speed and smart contract capabilities on the Bitcoin mainnet, Bitcoin Layer 2 (L2) solutions have developed rapidly. These L2s aim to leverage the security of the Bitcoin mainnet while offering EVM compatibility or higher throughput. This marks the transition of the Bitcoin ecosystem from a singular store of value to a programmable ecosystem.

为了解决比特币主网的交易速度和智能合约能力限制，比特币Layer 2解决方案迅速发展。这些L2旨在利用比特币主网的安全性，同时提供EVM兼容性或更高的吞吐量 。这标志着比特币生态从单一的价值存储转向一个具有可编程性的生态系统。

The Runes Protocol (2025): As a new fungible token protocol, Runes aims to issue tokens on Bitcoin more efficiently and concisely than previous protocols like BRC-20, further activating Bitcoin's asset issuance market.

Runes协议（2025年）： 作为一种新的同质化代币协议，Runes旨在比之前的BRC-20等协议更高效、更简洁地在比特币上发行代币，进一步激活了比特币的资产发行市场。

The Ordinals Protocol (late 2023 – early 2024): This protocol allows users to inscribe data onto satoshis—the smallest unit of Bitcoin—thereby creating Bitcoin-native NFTs (known as Inscriptions). This significantly increased the demand for Bitcoin block space and drove up network fees.

Ordinals协议（2023年末-2024年初）： 允许用户在比特币的最小单位“聪”（Satoshi）上刻录数据，从而创建比特币原生NFT（Inscriptions），极大地增加了比特币区块空间的需求和网络费用。

Over the past two years, Bitcoin has evolved beyond being viewed merely as "digital gold"; its ecosystem has achieved explosive growth through a series of innovations.