Over the past two years, Bitcoin has evolved beyond being viewed merely as "digital gold"; its ecosystem has achieved explosive growth through a series of innovations.

比特币在过去两年不再仅仅被视为“数字黄金”，其生态系统通过一系列创新实现了爆炸式增长。

The emergence of the Data Availability (DA) Layer is key to the modular trend. Specialized DA layers (such as Celestia) provide data storage and verification services at extremely low costs, enabling L2s and Rollups to run more efficiently and further pushing the boundaries of blockchain scalability.

数据可用性层（DA Layer）的出现是模块化趋势的关键。专门的DA层（如Celestia）以极低的成本提供数据存储和验证服务，使得L2和Rollup能够更高效地运行，进一步推动了区块链的可扩展性极限。

Modular Blockchain has been the most disruptive architectural innovation of the past two years. It decouples the four core functions of a blockchain—Execution, Settlement, Consensus, and Data Availability (DA)—allowing them to be processed by distinct, specialized layers.

模块化区块链（Modular Blockchain）是近两年最具颠覆性的架构创新。它将区块链的四大核心功能——执行、结算、共识、数据可用性（DA）——进行解耦，由不同的专业层来处理。

The implementation of the Pectra upgrade (Prague-Electra) in 2025 further deepened Ethereum's usability. The core of this upgrade was the native support for Account Abstraction (AA) via EIP-7212. User Experience Revolution: AA transforms user wallets from simple private key addresses into smart contracts. This brings about significant improvements, including: Gas Fee Payment: Users can pay gas fees using any token, or even have them sponsored by third parties (such as application developers). Social Recovery: Allows users to recover their wallets through trusted social contacts, eliminating the dependency on mnemonic phrases. Session Keys: Enables the use of short-term, low-privilege session keys, greatly enhancing the convenience and security of Web3 applications.

2025年实施的Pectra升级（布拉格-Electra）进一步深化了以太坊的可用性。该升级的核心是原生支持账户抽象（Account Abstraction, AA），即EIP-7212 。 用户体验革命： AA使得用户的钱包不再是简单的私钥地址，而是一个智能合约。这带来了诸多改进，包括： Gas费支付： 可以使用任何代币支付Gas费，甚至由第三方（如应用开发者）代付。 社交恢复： 允许用户通过信任的社交关系恢复钱包，而非依赖助记词。 会话密钥： 允许用户设置短期、低权限的会话密钥，极大提升了Web3应用的便捷性和安全性。

The implementation of the Dencun upgrade in 2024 was a critical milestone. Its most core improvement was the introduction of EIP-4844 (Proto-Danksharding), which drastically reduced the cost for Layer 2 (L2) networks to publish data to the Ethereum mainnet by introducing a new transaction type called "Blobs." The L2 Cost Revolution: The introduction of Blobs reduced L2 transaction fees by tens to hundreds of times, completely resolving the cost bottleneck of L2 scaling solutions. Ecosystem Landscape: As costs dropped, the L2 ecosystem (including Arbitrum, Optimism, Base, ZKSync, etc.) captured over 90% of Ethereum-related transaction execution by 2025. This solidified a mature, layered architecture where the Ethereum mainnet serves as the settlement and security layer, while L2s function as the execution layer.

2024年实施的Dencun（坎昆-Deneb）升级是关键的里程碑。其中最核心的改进是引入了EIP-4844（Proto-Danksharding），它通过引入一种新的交易类型——“Blob”（数据块），极大地降低了Layer 2（L2）网络将数据发布到以太坊主网的成本 。 L2成本革命： Blob的引入使得L2的交易费用降低了数十倍甚至数百倍，彻底解决了L2扩展性方案的成本瓶颈。 生态格局： 随着成本下降，L2生态（如Arbitrum, Optimism, Base, ZKSync等）在2025年占据了以太坊相关交易执行的90%以上，形成了“以太坊主网作为安全层，L2作为执行层”的成熟分层架构 。

As the leader in smart contract platforms, Ethereum's development over the past two years has primarily focused on enhancing scalability and improving user experience.

作为智能合约平台的领导者，以太坊在近两年的发展主要围绕提升可扩展性和增强用户体验展开。

2026 isn't far away. By then, blockchain won't be a niche topic—it will be the invisible rails powering the next generation of the internet.

Here is the tectonic shift happening under the hood: 1. The Modular Takeover We are witnessing the death of the "monolithic" blockchain.Ethereum’s upgrades (Dencun, etc.) and the rise of Layer 2s (Arbitrum, zkSync) have proven that a modular architecture is the only way to scale. By splitting execution, settlement, and data availability, we are turning blockchains into true financial infrastructure—not just crypto rails. 2. Bitcoin’s "DeFi" Awakening The quiet revolution isn't just on Ethereum.Bitcoin is exploding with programmability. Through protocols like RGB and the Lightning Network, BTC is evolving from "digital gold" to a programmable settlement layer. Ordinals were just the beginning; the real utility is being built now. 3. The RWA & AI Fusion Blockchain is finally shedding its "crypto-only" skin. RWA (Real World Assets): Tokenizing US Treasuries and real estate is moving from a buzzword to a multi-billion dollar market. AI + Crypto: We are seeing the first real integration of AI agents with blockchains (via standards like ERC-8004), creating a new layer of intelligent, autonomous finance. 4. The New Security Battlefield As the tech matures, the threats evolve.It is no longer just about mathematical cryptography. We now face a "dual threat": Quantum Computing: Threatening the mathematical foundations (RSA/ECC). AI-Powered Attacks: Side-channel attacks and pattern recognition are becoming sophisticated. Future security won't just be a game for mathematicians. It will be a battlefield for physicists, chip engineers, and AI defense experts.

We are currently in the most critical acceleration phase blockchain has ever seen. The years 2024 to 2026 mark a definitive shift: the industry is moving "from theory to practice, and from monolithic to modular."

The Great Evolution: Why 2024–2026 Is Make or Break for Web3

近两年（2024-2026年），区块链技术的发展进入了一个“从理论走向实践，从单体走向模块化”的加速期。随着以太坊升级的推进、模块化架构的成熟以及比特币生态的爆发，区块链不再仅仅是加密货币的底层技术，而是正在成为下一代互联网（Web3）和金融基础设施的核心。

Future security will no longer be merely a game for mathematicians; it will be a shared battlefield for physicists, chip engineers, and AI defense experts alike.

未来的安全，将不再仅仅是数学家的游戏，更是物理学家、芯片工程师和 AI 防御专家的共同战场。

Even if the algorithm is perfect, a momentary slip of the hand by a programmer, or a slight fluctuation in current during hardware operation, can leave behind vulnerabilities. Pattern Recognition: AI can analyze massive volumes of ciphertext to detect statistical patterns invisible to humans (essentially a sophisticated form of frequency analysis). Side-Channel Attacks: AI can learn the power consumption curves or electromagnetic emissions of a chip during cryptographic operations. For instance, a chip consumes marginally different amounts of power when processing a '0' versus a '1'; AI can use deep learning to 'translate' these minute differences into the encryption key.