Photo: Global distribution of the 4.2 kiloyear event
The term "BP" in "4.2-kiloyear BP event" means "Before Present," with the "Present" defined as January 1, 1950. This climatic event marks the beginning of the #Meghalayan age in the #Holocene epoch.
The 4.2 ka event is hypothesized to have triggered the collapse of several civilizations, including the Old Kingdom in #Egypt, the Akkadian Empire in #Mesopotamia, and the Liangzhu culture in the lower Yangtze River area. It may have also contributed to the decline of the Indus Valley #Civilization, causing population shifts, and the migration of Indo-European-speaking people into #India. However, some scientists argue that the event was not a global drought and lacked a clear timeline.
The event may have resulted from a significant weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), disrupting global ocean currents and causing shifts in precipitation and temperature patterns. An abrupt southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and increased El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability may have also contributed to these climatic conditions. While explosive volcanism in #Iceland has been suggested as a potential cause, its impact is considered negligible due to the low sulphur content of Icelandic volcanoes.
The effects of the 4.2 ka event varied across different regions:
East #Asia The event led to a significant reduction in the strength of the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM), resulting in a stark humidity gradient between northern and southern #China.
#Korean Peninsula Significant aridification occurred.
Southern #Africa The region became wetter due to the southward shift of the ITCZ.
Recent research suggests that the impacts of the 4.2 ka event may not have been globally catastrophic as once thought but rather a series of smaller events impacting local climates.
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"This term is composed of pairi, meaning "around," and daêza, meaning "wall" or "to build". The #Greek adaptation paradeisos referred to royal parks and was later used in biblical texts to describe the #Garden of #Eden. Over time, it evolved into various languages, including #Latin paradisus and Old #French paradis, before entering #English.
Photo: Shazdeh Garden, #Mahan, #Iran
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Top Recommended Books
Seed to Seed by Suzanne Ashworth
Comprehensive guide describing seed-saving techniques for 160 different vegetables
Widely acknowledged as the best guide for home gardeners
Includes detailed information about botanical classification, pollination, and seed harvesting techniques
How to Save Your Own Seeds by Seeds of Diversity
68-page handbook with step-by-step seed saving instructions
Includes detailed illustrations and photographs
Offers instructions for both beginners and experts
Additional Notable Resources
The Complete Guide to Saving Seeds by Robert E. Gough
Covers seeds from 322 vegetables, herbs, flowers, fruits, trees, and shrubs
The Organic Seed Grower by John Navazio
Comprehensive manual for serious vegetable seed producers
Each book offers unique insights into seed saving, helping gardeners preserve and propagate their favorite plant varieties
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The book examines how private land ownership has created systemic exclusion, with 92% of land and 97% of waterways being inaccessible to the public.
Key Themes
Land Ownership: Hayes argues that land ownership is deeply connected to social #inequality and power dynamics
Historical Injustice: The book traces how land was systematically stolen from common people through enclosure acts, with six million acres enclosed in less than 100 years
Trespass as #Resistance: Hayes documents his personal journeys of trespassing on private estates to reveal their problematic histories
Central Arguments
Land ownership laws have created barriers of class, race, and gender
Many large estates were built on foundations of #violence, #slavery, and exploitation
The current system of land ownership is fundamentally unjust and should be challenged
The book is both a personal narrative of trespass and an intellectual critique of #property laws, ultimately calling for more communal and equitable land access.
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According to local folklore, the trees are at least 5,000 years old, perhaps even 6,000 years old or older. If this is correct, they may be the oldest non-clonal living trees in the world.
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These structures are crafted by weaving the aerial roots of the #Ficus elastica #tree across rivers and streams, utilizing #bamboo scaffolding for support during #growth. This process can take 20 to 25 years, but the resulting bridges are incredibly durable and can last for centuries. The bridges are not only functional but also represent a harmonious blend of human ingenuity and #natural processes, promoting #environmental #sustainability.
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It appears in the work of #French theorists #Deleuze and #Guattari, who used the term in their book A #Thousand_Plateaus to refer to networks that establish connections between semiotic chains, organizations of power, and circumstances relative to the #arts, #sciences and social struggles" with no apparent order or coherency.
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Developed in the 1970s by #Bill_Mollison and #David_Holmgren, it emphasizes #sustainability, #biodiversity, and #resilience while addressing human needs for #food, #energy, and shelter. The core principles include #Earth care, People care, and Fair share, promoting ecological health and community well-being. By mimicking natural processes, permaculture aims to create productive systems with minimal environmental impact, fostering a sustainable future for both people and the planet.
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Top Fast-Growing Vegetables:
Microgreens - Ready in just 5-12 days, incredibly nutrient-dense
#Radishes - Harvest in approximately 25-30 days
#Lettuce - Ready in 30-50 days, can be continuously harvested
#Spinach - Harvest in 40-60 days, can pick leaves as it grows
Spring Onions - Ready in 60 days, easy to grow
Additional Quick-Growing Options:
Kale (30-60 days)
Arugula (40-50 days)
#Garden Cress (as little as 2 weeks)
Herbs like basil and #mint
#Peas
#Beans
These vegetables are ideal for crisis gardening because they:
Grow quickly
Require minimal space
Can be grown in containers
Provide high nutritional value
Offer continuous harvesting potential
Remember to choose varieties suited to your local climate and growing conditions.
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