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-THE BORACAY ISLAND LIFE-
♦️The End of the Medieval Age ✍️
How Europe quietly stepped out of the Middle Ages:
The end of the medieval age was not a sudden collapse or a single dramatic event. It was a slow fading of an old world and the careful birth of a new way of thinking. Feudal castles still stood, churches still rang their bells but beneath the surface, Europe was changing its mind.
For English literature students, this period matters deeply because literature, language, education and thought all turned in a new direction.
1️⃣. Understanding the Medieval World Before Its End:
Medieval Europe was built on:
🔹Feudal loyalty
🔹Church authority
🔹Latin learning
🔹Manuscript culture
🔹Fixed social roles
For centuries life followed tradition rather than curiosity. People looked backward to authority not forward to discovery.
But by the late Middle Ages this structure began to crack.
2️⃣. Major Causes Behind the End of the Medieval Age:
A. The Black Death (14th Century):
The plague destroyed nearly one-third of Europe’s population.
Its impact was not only physical but psychological:
🔹People questioned God’s silence
🔹Faith became personal, not blind
🔹Old social hierarchies weakened
Peasants demanded better wages. The idea that life was fixed and unchangeable no longer felt true.
B. Decline of Feudalism:
With fewer workers:
🔹Serfs gained bargaining power
🔹Lords lost absolute control
🔹Towns and cities grew stronger
Money slowly replaced land as the source of power. A new middle class emerged merchants, scholars, craftsmen.
C. The Fall of Constantinople (1453):
This event symbolically closed the medieval world.
When Constantinople fell:
🔹Greek scholars fled to Western Europe
🔹Ancient Greek texts returned
🔹Classical learning revived
Europe rediscovered Plato, Aristotle and human reason not through the Church alone but through study.
D. The Printing Press (c. 1450):
The printing press ended the medieval monopoly on knowledge.
Before printing:
🔹Books were rare
🔹Learning was restricted
🔹Latin dominated
After printing:
🔹Books became cheaper
🔹Vernacular languages grew
🔹Ideas traveled faster than authority
This single invention silenced the medieval world of manuscripts.
3️⃣. Changes in Thought: From God-Centered to Human-Centered:
Medieval thinking:
🔹God at the center
🔹Life as preparation for heaven
🔹Authority over reason
Late medieval thinking:
🔹Human experience mattered
🔹Curiosity was encouraged
🔹Observation challenged tradition
This shift prepared the ground for Humanism the heart of the Renaissance.
4️⃣. The Church Loses Absolute Control:
The Church remained powerful but:
🔹Corruption was questioned
🔹Religious unity weakened
🔹Personal faith increased
Literature slowly moved:
🔹From sermons to stories
🔹From saints to humans
🔹From heaven to earth
Writers began to explore love, ambition, doubt and individuality.
5️⃣. Language and Literature at the Turning Point:
One of the clearest signs of the medieval age ending was language.
🔹Latin declined
🔹English, French, Italian rose
🔹Literature reached common people
Key transitional figures:
♦️Geoffrey Chaucer – human characters, realism
♦️Dante – medieval theology with human emotion
♦️Boccaccio – worldly stories, individual voice
These writers stood with one foot in the Middle Ages and one in the Renaissance.
6️⃣. When Does the Medieval Age Officially End?
There is no single date, but historians often mark:
♦️1453 (Fall of Constantinople)
♦️1450s (Printing press)
♦️Late 15th century as the transition
The medieval age ended not with destruction, but with awakening.
7️⃣. Bridge Toward the Renaissance:
The Middle Ages did not fail they prepared.
They provided:
🔹Universities
🔹Discipline
🔹Preservation of knowledge
The Renaissance inherited medieval foundations and reimagined them.
♦️The Middle Ages ended not because they were dark but because Europe learned how to see.
#medievalhistory #medievaltimes #englishliterature #englishliteraturestudent
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🐇 🕳️
♦️The End of the Medieval Age ✍️
How Europe quietly stepped out of the Middle Ages:
The end of the medieval age was not a sudden collapse or a single dramatic event. It was a slow fading of an old world and the careful birth of a new way of thinking. Feudal castles still stood, churches still rang their bells but beneath the surface, Europe was changing its mind.
For English literature students, this period matters deeply because literature, language, education and thought all turned in a new direction.
1️⃣. Understanding the Medieval World Before Its End:
Medieval Europe was built on:
🔹Feudal loyalty
🔹Church authority
🔹Latin learning
🔹Manuscript culture
🔹Fixed social roles
For centuries life followed tradition rather than curiosity. People looked backward to authority not forward to discovery.
But by the late Middle Ages this structure began to crack.
2️⃣. Major Causes Behind the End of the Medieval Age:
A. The Black Death (14th Century):
The plague destroyed nearly one-third of Europe’s population.
Its impact was not only physical but psychological:
🔹People questioned God’s silence
🔹Faith became personal, not blind
🔹Old social hierarchies weakened
Peasants demanded better wages. The idea that life was fixed and unchangeable no longer felt true.
B. Decline of Feudalism:
With fewer workers:
🔹Serfs gained bargaining power
🔹Lords lost absolute control
🔹Towns and cities grew stronger
Money slowly replaced land as the source of power. A new middle class emerged merchants, scholars, craftsmen.
C. The Fall of Constantinople (1453):
This event symbolically closed the medieval world.
When Constantinople fell:
🔹Greek scholars fled to Western Europe
🔹Ancient Greek texts returned
🔹Classical learning revived
Europe rediscovered Plato, Aristotle and human reason not through the Church alone but through study.
D. The Printing Press (c. 1450):
The printing press ended the medieval monopoly on knowledge.
Before printing:
🔹Books were rare
🔹Learning was restricted
🔹Latin dominated
After printing:
🔹Books became cheaper
🔹Vernacular languages grew
🔹Ideas traveled faster than authority
This single invention silenced the medieval world of manuscripts.
3️⃣. Changes in Thought: From God-Centered to Human-Centered:
Medieval thinking:
🔹God at the center
🔹Life as preparation for heaven
🔹Authority over reason
Late medieval thinking:
🔹Human experience mattered
🔹Curiosity was encouraged
🔹Observation challenged tradition
This shift prepared the ground for Humanism the heart of the Renaissance.
4️⃣. The Church Loses Absolute Control:
The Church remained powerful but:
🔹Corruption was questioned
🔹Religious unity weakened
🔹Personal faith increased
Literature slowly moved:
🔹From sermons to stories
🔹From saints to humans
🔹From heaven to earth
Writers began to explore love, ambition, doubt and individuality.
5️⃣. Language and Literature at the Turning Point:
One of the clearest signs of the medieval age ending was language.
🔹Latin declined
🔹English, French, Italian rose
🔹Literature reached common people
Key transitional figures:
♦️Geoffrey Chaucer – human characters, realism
♦️Dante – medieval theology with human emotion
♦️Boccaccio – worldly stories, individual voice
These writers stood with one foot in the Middle Ages and one in the Renaissance.
6️⃣. When Does the Medieval Age Officially End?
There is no single date, but historians often mark:
♦️1453 (Fall of Constantinople)
♦️1450s (Printing press)
♦️Late 15th century as the transition
The medieval age ended not with destruction, but with awakening.
7️⃣. Bridge Toward the Renaissance:
The Middle Ages did not fail they prepared.
They provided:
🔹Universities
🔹Discipline
🔹Preservation of knowledge
The Renaissance inherited medieval foundations and reimagined them.
♦️The Middle Ages ended not because they were dark but because Europe learned how to see.
#medievalhistory #medievaltimes #englishliterature #englishliteraturestudent
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GM
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♦️Inventions of Medieval Times✍️
How the Middle Ages quietly changed the future of the world:
The medieval period is often misunderstood as an age of darkness and stagnation. In reality, it was a time of slow but powerful innovation. While medieval people did not invent machines for comfort or luxury, they invented tools for discipline, learning, war, agriculture and time itself.
These inventions shaped daily life, literature, religion, warfare, thought and many became the foundation of the modern world.
1️⃣. Mechanical Clock:
"When time stopped belonging to nature"
Background:
Before the mechanical clock, time was measured using:
🔹Sun dials
🔹Water clocks
🔹Church bells (approximate hours)
🔹Time depended on sunlight and seasons not precision.
Invention:
🔹Appeared in late 13th–early 14th century
🔹First used in monasteries and churches
🔹Powered by weights and gears not electricity
Why it mattered:
🔹Divided the day into exact hours
🔹Changed how people worked, prayed and lived
🔹Time became strict and measurable not natural
Impact on society:
🔹Monks followed prayer schedules precisely
🔹Town life became organized
🔹Work became disciplined and regulated
📌 Unknown fact:
Medieval people began saying “time is running” only after clocks appeared.
2️⃣. Eyeglasses:
"The invention that saved scholars from silence"
Background:
Reading manuscripts was:
♦️Done in dim candlelight
♦️Written in tiny letters
♦️Extremely demanding on eyes
♦️Scholars often lost their sight early.
Invention:
♦️Invented in late 13th century Italy
Early glasses were:
♦️Convex lenses
♦️Hand-held or balanced on the nose
♦️No temples (arms) like modern glasses
Why it mattered:
♦️Allowed scholars to read and write longer
♦️Extended intellectual life
♦️Increased production of books and learning
Impact on literature:
♦️Scholars, monks and scribes worked longer
♦️Knowledge expanded
♦️Universities benefited enormously
📌 Unknown fact:
Eyeglasses were once called “miracles of glass.”
3️⃣. Windmills:
"When nature became a servant of man"
Background:
Grinding grain and pumping water required:
🔶 Human labor
🔶 Animal power
🔶 Both were slow and exhausting.
Invention:
🔶 Introduced in Europe around 12th century
🔶 Inspired partly by Islamic wind technology
Widely used in:
🔶 England
🔶 France
🔶 The Netherlands
Uses:
🔶 Grinding grain
🔶 Pumping water
🔶 Cutting wood
🔶 Crushing seeds
Why it mattered:
🔶 Reduced human labor
🔶 Increased food production
🔶 Supported feudal economy
📌 Unknown fact:
Some medieval villages owned windmills collectively and peasants paid to use them.
4️⃣. Gunpowder (via the East):
"The invention that killed the medieval knight"
Background:
🔹Gunpowder was invented in China
Traveled west through:
🔹Arab traders
🔹Mongol invasions
Arrival in Europe:
🔹Around 13th century
First used in:
🔹Cannons
🔹Simple firearms
🔹Impact on warfare
🔹Castles became vulnerable
🔹Knights lost dominance
🔹Feudal military power declined
Historical importance:
🔹Changed warfare forever
🔹Helped end the feudal system
🔹Paved way for modern armies
📌 Unknown fact:
Early guns were so loud that soldiers believed they summoned demons.
5️⃣. Paper (Spread from Arabs):
"The silent revolution of knowledge"
Background:
Before paper, books were written on:
♦️Parchment (animal skin)
♦️Extremely expensive
♦️Rare and limited
Origin:
♦️Paper invented in China
Spread through:
♦️Islamic world
♦️Arab scholars
♦️Spain and Sicily
Arrival in Europe:
♦️Around 12th century
♦️Paper mills developed in:
♦️Spain
♦️Italy
Why it mattered:
♦️Books became cheaper
♦️Learning spread beyond clergy
♦️Literacy slowly increased
Impact on literature:
♦️More texts copied
♦️Education expanded
♦️Printing press later became possible
📌 Unknown fact:
Many medieval books were made from recycled paper and cloth.
🔴 Overall Impact of Medieval Inventions:
These inventions:
🔹Organized time
🔹Preserved knowledge
🔹Transformed warfare
🔹Supported education
🔹Prepared Europe for the Renaissance
The Middle Ages did not shout progress, they whispered it.
🔶 The Middle Ages did not invent comfort but they invented control over time, knowledge, labor and power.
#medievalhistory #medievaltimes #englishliterature #englishliteraturestudent
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This is George Moore aka the living skeleton and Fred Howe aka the fatman who were sideshow perfomers from the late 19th century.
Caption from Strand Magazine, 1897:
“...Fred Howe’s father was a carpenter at Alleghany City, Penn., and Fred started to learn the same trade, but soon became too fat. At the age of eighteen he joined the Forepaugh Circus as a “fat boy,” and there met his present sparring partner.
George Moore was born in Helena, Montana, where his father had a little dry goods shop. Until he was twenty-one years of age George worked in his father’s shop. But his greatest desire was to see the world.
When the first big circus came to Helena, the manager offered him an engagement to exhibit himself as the “living skeleton,” and he closed with the offer at once. Fred Howe, they soon became great friends. The doctors advised both to take as much exercise as possible—the one to gain flesh, and the other to get rid of it.
These smart Yankee lads then resolved to combine duty with pleasure, so they went in for boxing. For a long time they practised privately. One day, however, the manager was told of the fun by some of his “freaks,” who had been allowed to see a “set-to” between the two gladiators.
The manager then arranged a round or two, and the moment he saw Howe and Moore face each other, he offered them a long engagement at an increased salary, if only they would do their boxing before the public.
To-day these funny fellows are not only expert boxers, but also perfect comedians in their “art.” Their boxing is uproariously funny.
Moore is 6ft. 3in. in height, and weighs but 97lb., whilst Howe is only 4ft. 2in. high, and weighs exactly 422lb.”
#livingskeleton #fatman #circus #19thcentury
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Proof of ride this afternoon to Bulabog Beach. So many kiteboarders...⛱️
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On this day in 1980, the Boomtown Rats single “I Don’t Like Mondays” debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 at #91 (February 2)
The song was written by Rats singer Bob Geldof and keyboard player Johnnie Fingers, about the horrific 1979 Grover Cleveland Elementary School shooting spree of a 16-year-old girl in San Diego, California.
The murderer showed no remorse for her crime; her explanation for her actions was "I don't like Mondays. This livens up the day".
It only made #73 in the US, but was the band's second single to reach #1 on the UK chart.
It also went to #1 in Australia, South Africa and Ireland, #2 in Sweden and the Netherlands, #3 in New Zealand, Belgium and Norway, #4 in Canada, #6 in Switzerland and Germany, and #7 in Spain.
Geldof had originally intended the song as a B-side, but changed his mind after the song was successful with audiences on the Rats' US tour.
#theboomtownrats, #bobgeldof, #idontlikemondays, #dailyrockhistory, #newwave, #newwavemusic, #thisdayinmusic, #onthisday, #johnniefingers
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Here's a 1979 Volkswagen-based Gurgel X15 4X4
Made in Brazil.
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Sausage-making is the ultimate culinary workaround for the seasons—a way to trap the harvest, the hunt, and the regional spices into a portable, long-lasting meal.
This global selection represents a transition from simple preservation to high-art gastronomy. Whether it’s the Kiełbasa wędzona from Poland, which relies on a slow, cold-smoke process to achieve its firm, wood-scented snap, or the North African Merguez, which uses a fiery blend of cumin and harissa to tame the gaminess of lamb, each variety is a direct reflection of its home soil.
The "snap" of a sausage is its signature. For a Thüringer Rostbratwurst, that crunch comes from an open flame that chars the thin casing while the marjoram-scented interior stays juicy.
Meanwhile, the Italian Salsiccia is all about the release of fat; it’s a fresh sausage that isn't smoked or dried, but instead relies on being pan-fried until the fennel seeds and garlic infuse the rendered juices.
From the bread-based survival history of Portugal’s Alheira to the paprika-stained, crumbly texture of a Spanish Chistorra, these sausages prove that the best flavors aren't just seasoned—they are engineered over centuries of tradition.
Explore More: www.tasteatlas.com/sausages
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Designed to impress 1957 Mercedes-Benz 300SL Roadster So distinctive
Why was the 300SL already so special in the 50ies?
It was the first four-stroke production passenger car in the world to be equipped with power- and efficiency-enhancing direct petrol injection.
The breathtaking engine output of 215 hp (158 kW) enabled a top speed of 250 km/h, depending on the axle ratio.
This made the 300 SL the fastest production car of its time. And it is still possible to overtake modern sports cars with it on the German autobahn (where there is no speed limit in most parts.
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GM 🌄
Proof of walk this morning without Amigo and Cypher to Iligiligan Beach ⛱️
The oldest and highest Karlovy Vary viewpoint in Czechia. The lookout tower on the hill of Eternal Life was opened in 1889.
In the neo-Gothic building there is a café and a lookout tower with a view of the Ore Mountains, the Slavkov Forest and the Doupovské Hills.
Name | Karlovy Vary
Place | Czechia
Photo by | @peter.rajkai
#amazingshots_castle
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Salvador Dalí. Athena. (Mythology).
1965.
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On this day in 1981, the AC/DC single “Rock and Roll Ain’t Noise Pollution” debuted on the Australian charts at #99 (February 2)
The song eventually rose to #7 on the Australian charts, and reached #15 on the UK singles charts, the highest placing of any song on the “Back in Black” album in either the US or the UK.
Initially only 9 tracks were written for “Back in Black” but Atlantic Records, as well as the band's management, recommended that they should write one more song.
So Angus and Malcolm wrote the song in about 15 minutes!
Malcolm explained the origin of the song:
“We were in London at the time and there were all those problems with the old Marquee Club because it was in a built-up area and there was this whole thing about noise pollution in the news, the environmental health thing that you couldn’t have your stereo up loud after 11 at night, it all came from that.”
Brian Johnson recalled "I'll never forget the start of it. I went into the recording booth, the intro starts and I hear: 'Brian, it's Mutt. Could you say something over that?’”
And it came to him;
“Alright, hey there, all you middle men throw away your fancy clothes…”
Johnson explained:
“For some reason middle men were in the news at the time, the top guys weren't getting the blame and the workforce weren't getting it either, it was the middle men who were this grey area.
I must have picked up on it and it just went from there."
#acdc, #rockandrollaintnoisepollution, #hellsbells, #backinblack, #angusyoung, #malcolmyoung, #brianjohnson, #hardrock, #80smusic, #80srock, #dailyrockhistory, #australianband, #thisdayinrock, #rockhistory, #thisdayinmusic, #onthisday
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The global debate over white pasta sauce often ignores a fundamental technical divide: emulsion versus heavy cream. Fettuccine al Burro is the Roman original from the late 19th century, relying on a delicate emulsion of high-quality butter, Parmigiano Reggiano, and starchy pasta water. It is created by tossing the pasta until the ingredients fuse into a light, rich coating.
In contrast, the modern Alfredo is an Italo-American evolution that emerged in mid-20th century USA. This version is a thick, heavy, cream-based sauce often bolstered by garlic and generic parmesan, designed to be poured over the dish. While one focuses on the chemistry of the pasta water to achieve silkiness, the other uses dairy fat for a bold, creamy texture.
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The four-masted barque Pamir – one of the very last commercial windjammers under full sail...
The Pamir belonged to the final generation of windjammers that proved sail power could still compete in an industrial world. Built in 1905, she was part of the famous German “Flying P-Liners,” engineered for speed, durability, and long ocean passages without engines. These ships relied entirely on wind, seamanship, and precise navigation, often rounding Cape Horn under extreme conditions that tested even the most experienced crews.
By the mid-20th century, the Pamir was an anachronism, a towering relic sailing through an era of steel hulls and diesel engines. Yet she endured, repurposed as a training vessel where cadets learned traditional seamanship the hard way, by climbing rigging, reefing sails in storms, and reading the sea itself.
Her loss in 1957 was not only a human tragedy but a symbolic one. With her sinking, an entire chapter of commercial maritime history effectively closed, ending centuries where global trade once moved primarily by wind and canvas.
The Pamir’s sister ship, the Passat, survives today as a museum ship in Germany, offering a rare glimpse into the world the Pamir represented.
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🕍Medieval Justice and Punishment⚖️
"A World Where Law, Fear and Faith Ruled Together"
1️⃣. Introduction: What Was Medieval Justice?
In the Middle Ages (c. 500–1500) justice was not about rehabilitation or human rights.
It was about:
🔷 Maintaining order
🔷 Instilling fear
🔷 Defending God’s law
🔷 Protecting feudal authority
Law, religion and power were deeply intertwined. Crime was seen not only as a sin against society but as a sin against God.
♦️Justice in medieval times was meant to be seen, felt, and feared.
2️⃣. Sources of Law in Medieval Society:
Medieval justice did not come from a single system. It came from several overlapping authorities:
◾Customary Law:
🔶 Based on local traditions
🔶 Passed orally, not written
🔶 Different villages followed different rules
◾Feudal Law:
🔶 Lords judged their own lands
🔶 Peasants were tried in manorial courts
🔶 Lords acted as judge, jury and executioner
◾Church (Canon Law):
Dealt with moral crimes:
🔶 Heresy
🔶 Adultery
🔶 Blasphemy
🔶 Church courts could excommunicate offenders
◾Royal Law (Later Medieval Period):
🔶 Kings slowly centralized justice
🔶 Royal courts expanded authority
🔶 Punishments became more standardized
3️⃣. How Justice Was Carried Out:
Lack of Evidence-Based Trials
There were:
🔷 No lawyers as we know them
🔷 No forensic evidence
🔷 No presumption of innocence
🔷 Truth was often decided by belief, status or physical endurance.
4️⃣. Trial Methods in Medieval Times:
◾Trial by Ordeal:
The most famous and terrifying system.
Examples:
♦️Ordeal by fire: holding hot iron
♦️Ordeal by water: drowning test
♦️Ordeal by boiling water
👉 If you survived, God had declared you innocent.
◾Trial by Combat:
♦️Two sides fought physically
♦️Winner was considered righteous
♦️Common among nobles
◾Oath-Helpers:
♦️Accused brought people to swear they were innocent
♦️Truth depended on reputation not facts
5️⃣. Types of Crimes:
Common Crimes:
♦️Theft
♦️Murder
♦️Adultery
♦️Treason
♦️Heresy
♦️Witchcraft (later medieval period)
🔴 Punishment depended heavily on:
♦️Social class
♦️Gender
♦️Relationship to the Church or nobility
6️⃣. Punishments in the Medieval Times:
Punishment was public, brutal and symbolic.
◾Physical Punishments:
♦️Whipping
♦️Branding
♦️Mutilation (cutting hands, ears)
♦️Stocks and pillory
◾Capital Punishments:
♦️Hanging
♦️Beheading (for nobles)
♦️Burning at the stake
♦️Drowning
📌 Class mattered:
♦️A noble was beheaded.
♦️A commoner was hanged.
7️⃣. Famous Instruments of Punishment:
♦️The Pillory – public humiliation
♦️Stocks – immobilization in public
♦️Iron Maiden (mostly later myth but reflects fear culture)
♦️Scolds Bridle – used on women accused of gossip or disobedience
8️⃣. Women and Medieval Punishment:
Women were punished more harshly for:
🔶 Adultery
🔶 Gossip
🔶 Witchcraft
🔶 Disobedience
Many punishments were gender-specific and humiliating.
📌 Important insight:
Medieval justice controlled not just crime but behavior, especially of women and the poor.
9️⃣. The Church and Punishment:
The Church:
🔶 Claimed moral authority
🔶 Used excommunication as punishment
🔶 Ran Inquisitions against heresy
Punishment was presented as saving the soul even when it destroyed the body.
🔟. Famous Incident: Joan of Arc (1431):
The Girl Who Was Condemned by Men and Vindicated by History.
◾. Historical Background: France in Crisis:
To understand Joan of Arc students must first understand her time.
The Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453):
🔶 A long war between England and France
🔶 England controlled large parts of France
🔶 France was politically weak and divided
🔶 The French king Charles VII was uncrowned and powerless
🔶 Many believed France was abandoned by God.
🔶 This was the world into which Joan was born.
◾. Early Life of Joan of Arc:
🔹Born in Domrémy, a small French village
🔹Daughter of poor peasants
🔹Could not read or write
🔹Deeply religious from childhood
📌 Important detail:
Joan had no military training, no education and no noble status.
◾. The Voices: Joan’s Divine Mission:
At around age 13, Joan claimed she began hearing voices.
She said they belonged to:
♦️St. Michael
♦️St. Catherine
♦️St. Margaret
The voices told her:
🔹France must be saved
🔹Charles VII must be crowned
🔹She was chosen by God
In a deeply religious medieval society, this claim was dangerous but powerful.
◾. Joan Meets the Dauphin (Charles VII):
Against all odds:
🔶 Joan traveled to meet Charles VII
🔶 She convinced church officials and nobles
🔶 She correctly identified Charles in disguise (according to tradition)
🔶 This convinced many that she was divinely inspired.
She was given:
🔹Armor
🔹A banner (not a sword—important symbol)
🔹Command to accompany the army
◾. Joan of Arc as a Military Leader:
🔹The Siege of Orléans (1429)
🔹A turning point in the war
🔹Orléans was about to fall to the English
🔹Joan inspired the army with faith and courage
She:
♦️Led soldiers into battle
♦️Was wounded but returned
♦️Refused to retreat
📌 Result:
The French won.
This victory changed history.
◾. The Coronation of Charles VII:
After Orléans:
🔹Joan led Charles to Reims
🔹Charles VII was crowned King of France (1429)
🔹This fulfilled Joan’s mission.
👉 Her role was now complete but her danger had begun.
◾. Capture of Joan of Arc:
In 1430:
♦️Joan was captured by Burgundians (French allies of England)
♦️Sold to the English
♦️Treated as a political threat, not a soldier
The English wanted:
♦️To destroy her reputation
♦️To prove her visions were false
♦️To weaken Charles VII’s legitimacy
◾. The Trial of Joan of Arc (1431):
Nature of the Trial:
♦️Conducted by a church court
♦️Led by Bishop Pierre Cauchon (English supporter)
♦️Entirely unfair and politically motivated
Charges Against Joan:
♦️Heresy
♦️Witchcraft
♦️Wearing men’s clothing
♦️Claiming divine visions
📌 Crucial point:
No evidence of real crime existed.
◾. Joan’s Courage During Trial:
Despite being:
♦️Alone
♦️Uneducated
♦️Threatened with torture
Joan:
♦️Answered brilliantly
♦️Defended her faith
♦️Refused to deny her visions
One famous reply:
🔴 “If I am not in God’s grace, may God put me there;
if I am, may God so keep me.”
Her intelligence shocked her judges.
◾. Condemnation and Execution:
♦️Declared guilty of heresy
♦️Sentenced to death
♦️Burned alive at the stake on 30 May 1431
♦️She was only 19 years old
♦️Her final words:
🔴 “Jesus.”
♦️Her ashes were thrown into the river so no relics could remain.
◾. Aftermath: Justice Delayed:
Twenty-five years later:
🔹A retrial was ordered
🔹Joan was declared innocent
🔹Her trial declared corrupt and unjust
In 1920, she was:
🔹Canonized as a saint
🔹Recognized as a national heroine of France
◾. Why Joan of Arc Matters (For Literature Students):
Joan represents:
🔶 Faith vs authority
🔶 Individual conscience vs corrupt institutions
🔶 Gender and power
🔶 Martyrdom and injustice
She appears in:
🔶 Medieval chronicles
🔶 Renaissance drama
🔶 Modern literature and philosophy
Joan of Arc was condemned as a heretic by her age,but remembered as a saint by history.
Her trial reveals not the sin of one girl but the cruelty of medieval justice itself.
1️⃣1️⃣. Justice in Medieval Literature:
Medieval writers reflected this harsh world:
🔷 Everyman – divine judgment
🔷 Chaucer – corruption of courts
🔷 Morality plays – justice as God’s final verdict
Justice in literature often questioned whether human law truly reflected divine justice.
1️⃣2️⃣. Decline of the Medieval Justice System:
By the late Middle Ages:
♦️Trial by ordeal declined
♦️Written law increased
♦️Evidence slowly mattered
♦️Renaissance humanism changed attitudes
♦️This paved the way for modern legal systems.
1️⃣3️⃣. Conclusion:
Medieval justice was not about fairness, It was about fear, faith, and authority. Punishment was meant to be seen, remembered and never questioned.
#medievalhistory #medievaltimes #englishliterature #englishliteraturestudent #foryoupageシ
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Roman pasta culture is built on a logical, mathematical evolution where one ingredient transforms an entire dish. It begins with Cacio e Pepe, the foundational duo of Pecorino Romano cheese and black pepper. By adding rendered Guanciale (cured pork jowl) to this base, the dish evolves into Gricia, a richer, saltier masterpiece.
From there, the "equation" branches into two global icons. Incorporating a fresh egg into the Gricia base creates the creamy, velvet texture of a true Carbonara. Alternatively, adding tomato to the Gricia transforms it into Amatriciana, introducing a bright acidity that cuts through the fat of the pork. This lineage proves that Roman cuisine isn't just about recipes; it's about a disciplined sequence of ingredients that has defined Italian comfort for generations.
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