This is fine. But if I’m building an app , what’s the best way to embed lightning payments in a non-custodial way, while also not having to pay the equivalent amount as a per user subscription to an LSP to manage the users liquidity? Genuine question.

Well? Spark and Ark also have unilateral exit, so you always have your coins if an ark/spark service provider goes down, which is quite frankly significantly more preferable than the complete custody model of cashu which you have recommend, don’t you think? Please let me know what exactly is the issue you have with Ark/Spark self-custody model with unilateral exit available? Thanks!