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It is quantum error correction. Soul is fragile quantum system of all possibilities.. Quantum error correction (QEC) is a crucial set of techniques used in quantum computing to protect fragile quantum information from errors caused by environmental noise and other sources of instability. Unlike classical computers where errors are rare, qubits (quantum bits) are highly susceptible to decoherence and other disturbances, leading to a high rate of errors. The core idea behind QEC is to use redundancy to protect the quantum information without violating the no-cloning theorem, which states that an unknown quantum state cannot be perfectly copied. This is achieved by encoding a single "logical qubit" into a highly entangled state of several "physical qubits." Here's how it generally works: * Encoding: Instead of representing a quantum state with a single physical qubit, the information is spread across multiple physical qubits. For example, a simple repetition code might encode the state of one logical qubit onto three physical qubits. * Error Detection and Correction: The encoded state is designed in such a way that errors (like a bit-flip or a phase-flip) can be detected and corrected. This is done by performing special measurements on the physical qubits, called "syndrome measurements." These measurements don't reveal the state of the logical qubit itself but instead provide information about the type and location of the error that has occurred. * Corrective Operation: Once the error syndrome is determined, a corrective operation (e.g., a Pauli operator) is applied to the corrupted qubit to revert the effect of the error. Quantum error correction is a foundational concept for building a large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computer. It is theorized to be essential for executing complex quantum algorithms that require a large number of operations and a long coherence time. While quantum error correction can significantly reduce the error rate, it's not a perfect solution and requires that the physical qubits and their operations have an error rate below a certain threshold.