"Although societies dating back to ancient Mesopotamia damaged their environments, dreams of returning to a lost ethic of land stewardship still underpin modern environmental rhetoric. Indeed, the idea that ancient peoples lived in harmony with the environment remains deeply rooted in the mythology of Western civilizations, enshrined in the biblical imagery of the garden of Eden and notions of a golden age of ancient Greece. Yet few societies managed to conserve their soil—whether deliberately or through traditions that defined how people treated their land while farms filled in the landscape and villages coalesced into towns and cities. With allowances for different geographical and historical circumstances, the story of many civilizations follows a pattern of slow, steady population growth followed by comparatively abrupt societal decline."
