📈 Understanding inflation so you don't have to fear it. Fear arises when we don't understand. In economics, ignorance is not a crime; it's a common human condition. No one has really explained inflation to us, nor have they taught us how to defend ourselves against those who use economics to confuse us. Inflation simply means that, on average, prices are rising. It is neither an "order from above" nor a conspiracy by central banks. Rather, it is a reflection of the prices of goods and services, such as bread, bills, rent, gasoline, clothing, and technology. When these prices rise overall, we say there is inflation. However, no one "decides" this. Rather, it is the result of global factors such as wars, energy, raw materials, and logistics. Central banks do not decide how much bread or gasoline should cost. Their task is to keep the value of money stable over time, which is why they aim for inflation "around 2%." They don't try to "create" inflation; they try to avoid extremes, such as uncontrolled inflation or deflation (falling prices that cool the economy). For example, if your doctor tells you that the ideal body temperature is 37°C, it does not mean that they want you to have a fever. They are simply explaining that 37°C is equilibrium. The same applies to the central bank. It does not "want" inflation; it wants to prevent the economy from becoming ill. So, who prints money? No one, as you might imagine. Today, money is not physical currency; it is credit. When a bank grants you a loan, the money is created at that moment. When you pay it back, the money disappears. The central bank does not decide how much money is in circulation; rather, it decides how much that money costs by adjusting interest rates. When rates rise, the cost of borrowing money increases, which slows down the economy. If rates fall, credit expands and more money is created. It's a delicate balance, not a magic button. Italy ranks last in Europe for financial education. It is not our fault, but rather the fault of an education system that has forgotten to teach us how the things that govern us every day work. 🔜 [Continued...] 📶 Stay tuned. #inflation #truth #bitcoin #central #bank #money #fear #human

📆 October 31, 2008 – October 31, 2025 🎂 Seventeen years since the Bitcoin White Paper: "A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" ‐ Satoshi Nakamoto On October 31, 2008, as the world was facing its deepest financial crisis since the Great Depression, a nine-page document was published on a small cryptography mailing list: the Bitcoin White Paper. These nine pages, like a seed sown in silence, would sprout one of the most profound revolutions of our time. It was not a political appeal. It was not an ideological statement. Rather, it was the technical description of a philosophical idea: to give human beings back the ability to trust without having to believe. Satoshi Nakamoto, a faceless name, chose anonymity as a symbolic gesture; the author eclipsed himself to let the work speak for itself. Bitcoin was not created as a tool of rebellion but rather as an answer to an age-old question: How can people cooperate, exchange value, and develop economic relationships without delegating trust to institutions, intermediaries, or central authorities? This did not imply a lack of trust in others, but rather a trust in humanity. It implied trust in their discernment, responsibility, and freedom to choose. Bitcoin is not just a technological project; it is a social asset. It was created to remind us that freedom is not a privilege granted by others, but rather a natural condition that must be defended by being distributed. Every node, every user, and every individual who participates in its functioning is a living part of this balance. Satoshi did not want to create a currency. He wanted to return currency to society, freeing it from manipulation, corruption, and arbitrariness. He wanted to create a system where rules replaced power, transparency replaced blind faith, and individual responsibility became the basis of civilized living again. The white paper does not discuss price, investment, or returns. Instead, it discusses peer-to-peer trust, transparency as a means of fostering honesty, and autonomy through knowledge. It is a manifesto for a society in which cooperation arises from the bottom up rather than being imposed from the top down. Bitcoin is a collective memory that never forgets. Each block is a testament to human history, proof that truth can be shared and verified but not owned. Its distributed functioning reflects an ethical vision—the idea that truth, like freedom, cannot have an owner. Seventeen years later, Bitcoin is no longer an experiment. It is a living, imperfect, and controversial reality that is unequivocally human. It is the legacy of a thought that does not seek approval but understanding. It does not seek consensus, but rather awareness. Celebrating Bitcoin today does not mean idolizing its price or technology. It means remembering why it exists. Because one day, someone hidden behind a pseudonym believed it was possible to create a value system based not on blind trust but on shared truth. First and foremost, Bitcoin is a social and moral message: Humans are capable of cooperating, being honest, and creating order and value without command or debt. Bitcoin reminds us that freedom is not a cry; it is a distributed structure of responsibility. Today, 17 years after October 31, 2008, we celebrate not the technology but the idea. Not the software, but the hope. Not the currency, but humanity. Bitcoin was not created to change money. It was created to change our understanding of freedom. #freedom #human #whitepaper #10312008 #bitcoin #satoshi #nakamoto #technology #awarness #trust

In order to fully accept Bitcoin as a peaceful, nonviolent social revolution, we must also acknowledge and address its negative aspects. Every day, we walk a fine line called fear. On one side is terror, which can manipulate us by influencing our choices on a subconscious level. On the other side is awareness, which comes from freedom and knowledge. Even with Bitcoin, we should not limit ourselves to seeing only its "revolutionary" and positive aspects. We must also recognize its potential downsides, such as its instrumental use in sensitive geopolitical contexts. Ultimately, Bitcoin can be a powerful tool for freedom, but only if it is accompanied by deep awareness and authentic knowledge. I remember what the Cypherpunk manifesto tells us: There is a crucial difference between secrecy and privacy. > Secrecy is imposition, concealment, and opacity. A secret is something we don't want anyone to know, so we hide it. > Privacy, on the other hand, is self-determination, protection, personal dignity, and the freedom to choose what to share and with whom. Bitcoin can be a tool for conscious privacy if used with integrity. However, it can also be bent to the logic of power, exploitation, or authoritarianism. Ultimately, it is up to us to choose which side of history we want to be on. #bitcoin #awarness #knowledge #freedom #cypherpunk #manifesto #privacy #secrecy #revolution

📜 Bitcoin didn't come out of nowhere. It is the result of over 40 years of innovation. From the development of asymmetric cryptography in the 1970s to the launch of the Genesis Block in 2009 — via cypherpunk mailing lists, David Chaum's electronic cash systems, Adam Back's Hashcash, and peer-to-peer protocols such as BitTorrent and Tor — each step laid the groundwork for Bitcoin. 🔐 Bitcoin is not just technology; it is also a cultural and political response. It is the legacy of mathematicians, hackers, engineers, and activists who fought for privacy, individual freedom, and digital autonomy. Bitcoin is the convergence of seven conceptual pillars: cryptography, timestamping, digital identities, fault tolerance, digital cash, proof of work, smart contracts, and peer-to-peer networks. 📕 Behind every transaction is a century of history. 📌 Behind every block is a philosophy of resistance. 🚫 It is not an impromptu invention. It is a point of arrival and a new beginning. 👉 Bitcoin is culture. It is engineering. It is a silent revolution. 🧠 Understanding its genesis means recognizing that it is not just a "digital currency," but rather a distributed social asset created to forever change the relationship between individuals, the state, and information. ⚡️ Cypherpunks write code. Today, we raise awareness. #bitcoin #cypherpunk #code #awarness #genesis #technology #story #evolution

🔥 Bitcoin, Wagner, and the Central African Republic: What Is Really Behind It? In 2022, the Central African Republic became the second country (after El Salvador) to adopt Bitcoin as legal tender. A monetary revolution? Perhaps. An illusion? Probably. A geopolitical operation? Much more likely. The law, which was passed "unanimously" by the Central African Parliament, has a murky background. 🔻 A poor state with abundant gold, diamonds, and uranium. 🔻 A colonial currency, the CFA franc, is still in use and guaranteed by France. 🔻 And above all, there is a profound Russian influence exercised by the notorious Wagner Group, which guarantees "security" in exchange for control of resources. 🔍 According to many international sources, such as France24, Bloomberg, and The Economist, the adoption of Bitcoin may have been suggested or encouraged by Wagner itself in order to: - Facilitate opaque transactions related to mining. - circumvent traditional banking circuits and Western sanctions; - Build an alternative model of monetary sovereignty that functions as an anti-IMF and anti-Western force. The Central African government then launched its own cryptocurrency, the Sango Coin, promising to "tokenize the subsoil." The result? A failed project. The Constitutional Court ruled against it. The population has no internet. Real adoption of Bitcoin is virtually nonexistent. 💣 But the political message remains: Bitcoin was used as a narrative tool of rupture and resistance even when the economic infrastructure wasn't ready. 🧠 Perhaps we should ask ourselves who benefits from "crypto adoption" without freedom, transparency, and autonomy. Bitcoin can be a social good. However, not everyone uses it for constructive purposes. Some simply use it to hide. 🔗 Main sources: Bloomberg, France24, The Economist, and CoinDesk. #bitcoin #legal #tender #value #fiat #elsalvador #rca #cypherpunk

👋 Hello everyone! 📖 I am pleased to announce the publication of my dissertation on Bitcoin and energy. The open-source PDF is currently available only in Italian at the link below, but will soon be available in English as well. #bitcoin #energy #nuclear #sustainability #efficiency #enviroinmental #economy #thesis #study #research #public

Linktree

Jacopo Graziuso | Instagram | Linktree

Trainee economist, lecturer and populariser. My research include economics, finance, geopolitics, Bitcoin, and the future. Awareness = freedom + kn...

📊 SUSPICIOUSLY ORDERLY MOVEMENTS It all happened in a matter of hours. 🟡 PAX Gold: +1.06% 🟠 Bitcoin: -4.41% Look at the charts. Two opposite trends occurred within the same time frame. But what is truly astonishing is the surgical precision of BTC's downward movement. There was no chaos or uncontrolled volatility, just sharp, coordinated declines as if someone were following a well-defined plan. 🚨 It's crazy! If small retailers were responsible, the movements would appear much more disorderly and fragmented. Here, however, it seems to be a strategic, lucid maneuver: we could be witnessing the actions of large operators such as investment funds, asset managers, or institutional desks. 💼 In these cases, it's not the price itself that speaks, but the way it moves. Today, the message seems clear: someone has pressed hard on the accelerator. But who, and why now? #gold #bitcoin #market #asset #manager #price #retail #controll #finance #crazy

Salento Bitcoin has arrived in Fornelli to admire the fifth statue of revolutionary visionary Satoshi Nakamoto. Thank you, Mattia Pannoni. #satoshi #nakamoto #fornelli #bitcoin #art #statue

🎯 Bitcoin's Timetable 📉 The halving schedule until 2140 Bitcoin is the only asset whose supply is mathematically programmed. Every four years or so, the reward for miners is cut in half. This process is called "halving." The graph shows when the next halving will happen and by how much. 📌 Important: The years shown are estimates because blocks are mined at average intervals (every ~10 minutes). However, the reward, quantity issued, and blocks are certain and unchangeable because they are determined by the code itself. 📊 By 2140, the last BTC will be mined. After that, there will be no more new issuance. Bitcoin will be completely finished: 21 million, forever. And after that? What will happen? 💬 Open debate: - Miners will only work thanks to transaction fees. - Will those fees be enough to protect the network? - Will we see new incentive and fee management models? - Will Bitcoin become a global unit of account, or will it become the definitive "digital reserve"? Bitcoin is more than just technology. It is a social, economic, and cultural experiment. 🧠 Let us reflect together: What happens when currency can no longer be inflated? #endofbitcoin #bitcoin #mining #end #finish #block #reward #fee #2140 #halving #scarcity

🔒 Coinbase was attacked by hackers. The bug was not in the code, but in human error. The hackers who attacked Coinbase did not crack the code, breach the firewalls, or exploit technical vulnerabilities. They didn't write malware or force cryptographic algorithms. They did something much simpler—and much more effective. They bought the silence of some customer support employees. Through bribery, they obtained sensitive data from some 97,000 users, including names, identity documents, banking information, and transaction history. There were no software breaches. There was no theft of private keys. Only corruption. Just human frailty. Once they had the data, the cybercriminals demanded $20 million in Bitcoin in exchange for not publicly disclosing everything. Coinbase refused. The company chose to face the consequences instead, spending up to $400 million to contain the damage, strengthen systems, compensate customers, and regain control of the situation. This time, the real bug was not in the code. It was in the people. This episode reminds us that security involves not only technology but also trust, transparency, and human integrity. No matter how robust a cryptographic protocol is, if those managing it are vulnerable, the whole system can collapse. 🔗 Official sources: Coinbase Blog, May 2025:

Protecting Our Customers - Standing Up to Extortionists

Tl;dr: Cyber criminals bribed and recruited a group of rogue overseas support agents to steal Coinbase customer data to facilitate social engineeri...

Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/business/coinbase-says-cyber-criminals-stole-account-data-some-customers-2025-05-15/?utm_source= #coinbase #hack #crack #human #blog #corruption #attack #data

🧱 What is the "UTXO set"? The Invisible Heart of Bitcoin 🧮 You often hear about transactions, addresses, and wallets, but behind the scenes is a fundamental mechanism that makes it all possible: the UTXO set. 🔐🔄 🔎 UTXO stands for unspent transaction output. Every Bitcoin transaction spends one or more previous outputs and generates new ones. These "unspent" outputs are called UTXOs. 📦 Think of them as ready-to-use digital coins, each with a precise value and a cryptographic "unlock condition." 💼 Your BTC balance is not like a bank account! 👉 If you see 0.1 BTC in your wallet, it means you have one or more UTXOs whose values add up to that amount. There is no aggregate account; rather, there is a set of traceable and verifiable "mini-coins." 🧠 What is the UTXO set? It is the complete, up-to-date set of all existing UTXOs on the network. 📍 Each complete Bitcoin node maintains its own copy of the set locally and uses it to verify that: ✅ The inputs of new transactions are still spendable ❌ There is no double spending. 🔒 The unlock conditions are met. 🏗 How does a transaction work? It takes one or more existing UTXOs as input. - Creates new UTXOs as output - Any difference between the input and output is the miner's fee. 💰 If something is left over, a change output is created for the sender. 🔄 🛠 Why is this important? The UTXO model is transparent, secure, and auditable. - Prevents the creation of bitcoins out of thin air - Makes transactions verifiable independently of each node It ensures network immutability and reliability ⚙️ Technical Curiosity: The UTXO set grows over time and can weigh several GB of data. Nodes use optimizations for this reason, but the set is never "pruned" because it must remain intact to guarantee security and validation. Each transaction changes the set, creating a continuous update cycle. 📌 Bottom line: The UTXO set is the living ledger of the Bitcoin system. There is no bank or central server; only mathematical rules, cryptographic verification, and total transparency exist. 🔗 Every spent satoshi leaves a trace, and every unspent satoshi is ready to be put back into circulation. 📶 Stay tuned. #utxo #set #bitcoin #howdoesitwork #technology #curiosity #transaction #btc

🚨 What happens when you send a payment in Bitcoin? 🧾 Spoiler alert: It doesn't go straight into the blockchain. There's an invisible yet crucial place where everything takes shape. It's called the mempool. 🧠💾 📥 What is the Mempool? A memory pool is a kind of decentralized waiting room. Each complete Bitcoin node maintains its own version containing all valid transactions awaiting confirmation. There is not one global queue, but rather many local mempools that, thanks to the distributed network, tend to look very similar. 🔨 Who decides which transactions are confirmed? Miners choose which transactions to include in the next block. How? 📊 Based on the fee per byte. The higher the fee, the more likely your transaction will be confirmed quickly. It's a real fee market! 🤑 🔥 What happens if the network is congested? When there's a surge in transactions (e.g., a bull market or special events), the mempool fills up, and fees skyrocket. At that point, only those who pay the highest fees can make their way through the other transactions. 📈💸 🛠 Tools for the user: Modern wallets estimate the most suitable fees in real time. - Functions such as Replace-By-Fee (RBF) allow you to increase the fee even after sending. - If a transaction remains in the mempool for too long (e.g., if the fee is too low), some nodes will delete it, and it will have to be sent again. 🔍 At a glance: The Mempool is the beating heart of the Bitcoin transaction market. It regulates access to blocks in a decentralized manner and guarantees order, security, and efficiency. 📡 It is a meritocratic and transparent system where every satoshi counts. One satoshi is the smallest unit into which bitcoin can be divided (1 BTC = 100 million sats). 1 BTC = 100 million sats). 🌐 The sooner you pay, the sooner you confirm. ❓️ What is the UTXO set, how does it work, and how does it change with the mempool? 📶 Stay tuned. #mempool #bitcoin #btc #sats #user #payment #rbf

🔍 What are UTXOs in Bitcoin? The UTXO (unspent transaction output) model is at the heart of Bitcoin's accounting system. Unlike traditional bank accounts, Bitcoin does not record "balances," but rather follows a system of inputs and outputs that cancel each other out. 💡 Simple definition: A UTXO is an amount of Bitcoin received from a transaction that has not yet been spent. It is the digital equivalent of a coin in your pocket: until you spend it, it is an unspent output. 🧾 How does a Bitcoin transaction work? Every transaction has inputs (previous UTXOs used) and outputs (new UTXOs created). Bitcoins do not split at the balance level; rather, they are spent in full and reallocated as new UTXOs. 🧩 Main features: - 🔐 Each UTXO is associated with a public address and can only be spent with its private key. They are immutable, meaning they cannot be updated. They are consumed, and new outputs are created. - 🧾 They are single and indivisible; each input must be spent in full. - 🔄 Traceable: Each UTXO is publicly verifiable on the blockchain. 🛠 Where are they stored? In the UTXO set, which is a data structure maintained by each full node. This set contains all valid, expendable UTXOs at a given time. It is essential for: - Verifying that a transaction only spends valid UTXOs - Preventing double spending (spending the same bitcoins twice). 📉 Fees and fragmentation (UTXO management). Each UTXO takes up space. The more small UTXOs you have, the larger your transaction will be and the higher the fee you will have to pay. 🧮 UTXO optimization: - Consolidate UTXOs when fees are low. - Avoid receiving too many fragmented micropayments. - Manage your portfolio for long-term efficiency. ⚠️ Practical implications: ✅ Pros: - A transparent, traceable, and verifiable system - Enables advanced privacy (e.g., with careful input management). - Forms the basis for advanced features, such as Lightning and coinjoin. ❌ Cons: - Can become inefficient if poorly managed - Requires minimal technical understanding for advanced wallets - Transactions with many UTXOs can be expensive. 🔐 UTXOs and privacy: Each UTXO is tied to a specific address. Using UTXOs from different addresses in the same payment can link identities. 💡 Tip: Use wallets that support UTXO handling and input selection, such as Sparrow and Samourai. 📌 In short, a UTXO is a spendable bitcoin. You receive them from a transaction, spend them in full, and receive new ones. Bitcoin works as a system of "digital tokens," not as an account balance. ➡️ Understanding UTXOs is essential to using Bitcoin consciously and safely. ❓ What is the Mempool? What is the UTXO set? How do they work, and what changes do they bring? 📶 Stay tuned. #utxo #bitcoin #mempool #set #tips #fees #management #features

🎯 What is a Lightning Network node? ⚡️ The Lightning Network is a layer 2 system built on top of bitcoin to make it faster, cheaper and more scalable. Lightning nodes are the key players in this parallel network: software that processes instant payments off-chain, without writing everything to the blockchain. 🔧 How an LN node works. - Opens two-way payment channels with other nodes. - Signs and updates off-chain transactions. - Requires a full bitcoin node to interact with the blockchain (e.g. open/close channels). - Must always be online to function properly. 🔄 How does a lightning payment take place? 1. Alice and Bob open a channel with an on-chain transaction. 2. Future transactions take place off-chain, updating the balance in real time. 3. Payments can be routed through multiple nodes (e.g., Alice → Bob → Carol → Dave). 4. At closing, the last signed balance is published on the blockchain. 📡 Types of Lightning Nodes. 1. 🔀 Routing node: routes third-party payments, earns fees. 2.🧍‍♂️Private node: personal use. 3.📱 Mobile node: integrated into simplified wallets (such as Phoenix or Breez). 💻 Main software. - LND (Go): widely used, easy to integrate. - Core Lightning (C): highly modular. - Eclair (Scala): suitable for servers and mobile applications. - Rust-Lightning: for custom solutions. ⚙️ Bitcoin Nodes vs. Lightning Nodes. - Verification: full node on-chain; Lightning node off-chain. - Memory: Full node hundreds of GB; Lightning node a few GB. - Privacy: full node all public; lightning node more privacy. - Scalability: full node limited by blocks; lightning node millions of transactions per second. - Connectivity: full node not always online; lightning node always online. - Fees: full node variable/high; lightning node few sats. ⚠️ Pros and Cons. ✅️ Pro: - Instant and almost free payments - High privacy and scalability ❌️ Cons: - Channels must be balanced (need liquidity on both sides) - Not suitable for very large amounts - Risk of losing funds if backup is not updated 📲 Examples of real-world use cases. - Mobile Wallets: Phoenix, Muun, Breez - Merchants accepting BTC via Lightning - Routing nodes that earn fees by routing payments ➡️ Lightning is the backbone of bitcoin's scalability: fast, cheap, distributed. But as always: Don't trust, verify! ❓️ What are UTXOs? 📶 Stay tuned. #utxo #bitcoin #lighting #network #blockchain #timechain #node

Hello, Bitcoiners! I would like to share with you my interview with Atlas21 regarding my dissertation on sustainable Bitcoin mining.🔥🚀

Atlas21

Bitcoin reduces emissions and consumption: the thesis published at the University of Salento

Jacopo Graziuso's econometric study explains how the presence of Bitcoin is connected to the reduction of emissions and consumption in

#bitcoin #btc #energy #nuclear #sustainability #efficiency #enviroinmental #economy #news #research #study #thesis #mining #atlas21 #interview

🔒 Who's really in charge of Bitcoin? Full nodes. 🌍 It is not the miners, nor the developers, nor the companies. In Bitcoin, the real power is distributed among thousands of complete nodes, software that verifies every block and transaction according to shared rules. That's why they're critical to the network's resilience and governance. 🧠 Nodes dictate the rules. - Miners propose blocks, but nodes decide whether to accept them. - Any node can reject non-compliant transactions or updates. Consensus occurs when the majority of nodes follow the same rules. ⚔️ Fork: when the rules change - Soft fork = compliant update (e.g. SegWit). - Hard fork = net split (e.g. Bitcoin Cash). 📌 Real case: in 2017, nodes forced the activation of SegWit (UASF), giving miners a choice: adapt or stay out. 🛡 Defense against attacks: - ✂️ Censorship? Nodes can reject blocks that exclude valid transactions. - 💸 Inflation? No block can create more BTC than expected: nodes will reject it. - 🕸 Network attacks? Nodes filter suspicious connections and protect traffic, even when using Tor or mesh networks. 💰 Nodes guarantee the 21 million limit. It's not enough to "write it in the code": only nodes enforce the limit by checking every single block. 🏛 Political and economic impact Thanks to the nodes: - No one can arbitrarily change bitcoin. - No one can control it from the top. - No one can violate its monetary policy. ➡️ Bitcoin is resilient because the nodes are sovereign. "Don't trust, verify" is not just a slogan, but an active defense mechanism. ❓️ What is a Lightning Network node? 📶 Stay tuned. #bitcoin #node #fork #attacks #political #economic

🎯 How does a full node work? 💻 A full node is the beating heart of the Bitcoin network. It is software that downloads, verifies, and propagates every block and transaction without trusting anyone. Here's how it works: - 📦 Blockchain database: stores all blocks and the set of spendable bitcoins (UTXO set). - 🧠 Mempool: stores transactions waiting to be included in a block. - 🌐 Networking: communicates with other nodes to exchange data, blocks and transactions. 🔍 Each node verifies everything itself: - Transactions must be valid, correctly signed, and not duplicated. - Blocks must have the correct proof-of-work, be consistent, and comply with all rules. - At startup, the node downloads the entire blockchain from 2009 (Initial Block Download). - It then stays up to date with blocks and transactions in real time. 🔁 Connecting to the network Each node is connected to dozens of others, constantly exchanging information to keep the network consistent and secure. 🛡 User sovereignty A full node is not dependent on third parties: it verifies everything itself, protects against errors and attacks, and is the tool to truly participate in the Bitcoin network: Don't trust, verify! ❓️ Who is really in charge of Bitcoin? 📶 Stay tuned. #fullnode #bitcoin #user #network #blockchain #database #mempool

🍕 Today is Pizza Day! 🗓 On May 22, 2010, exactly 15 years ago, Laszlo Hanyecz, a programmer and Bitcoin pioneer living in Florida, exchanged 2 pizzas (original photo at the time) for 10,000 BTC! 💰 At the time, the exchange rate was about $40. It was the first bitcoin "payment" in history. To date, the dollar value of that transaction would be more than $1 billion! #bitcoin #pizza #day #laszlo

📝 What exactly are Bitcoin nodes? 🗂 1. Full node: A full node downloads the entire blockchain (over 500 GB by 2025) and verifies each transaction and block according to the rules of the protocol. It: - Ensures that consensus rules (e.g., double spending, issue limits, valid signature) are met; - propagates transactions and blocks to other nodes; - Can be used to validate SPV or Light wallets. 📦 2. Light node or SPV node: A SPV node (Simplified Payment Verification Node) does not download the entire blockchain, only the block headers. It verifies transactions by relying on full nodes and is often used in mobile and light wallets. Its limitations are that it relies on full nodes for security and does not actively participate in network verification. ⛏️ 3. Mining Node: This is a node that, in addition to being complete, also performs mining, i.e: - builds new blocks; - tries to solve cryptographic problems (proof of work); - Suggests new blocks to the network. Large miners use 'mining pools' and sometimes separate the mining function from the validation function, communicating via specific protocols (e.g. Stratum). 📚 4. Archival Node: Stores the entire history of the blockchain, including UTXO states not required for protocol operation, such as spent transactions and the full history of all issues. It is useful for analytical purposes, blockchain explorers or historical research. ⚡️ 5. Lightning node: Part of the Lightning Network, a layer 2 protocol built on top of Bitcoin. It: - Manages two-way, off-chain payment channels; - operates in parallel with the main blockchain; - communicates with other Lightning Nodes to route fast, low-cost payments. ❓️How does a node work? What are UTXOs? 📶 Stay tuned. #bitcoin #spv #node #lighting #network #archivial #mining #full

📝 What are nodes? What are they for? 🧠 A Bitcoin node is a device that runs the open source protocol software and participates in the network. Nodes are key components in the functioning of the system, as they - verify and propagate transactions and blocks - Maintain an up-to-date copy of the time chain, the public and distributed record of all Bitcoin transactions; - enforce the rules of the protocol, ensuring that only valid transactions and blocks are accepted into the network. 🧩 There are several types of Bitcoin nodes: 1. Full nodes 2. Light node or SPV node 3. Mining Node 4. Archive Node 5. Lightning Node 🛡 Nodes are the backbone of the Bitcoin network. They not only enable the technical functioning of the protocol, but also: 1. guarantee decentralization, as each node is independent and sovereign; 2. they prevent unilateral changes to the protocol (resistance to non-shared changes); 3. they validate consensus rules, such as - 21 million BTC maximum; - Validity of cryptographic signatures; - Adherence to maximum block sizes; - validity of bitcoin scripts. 🌍 By 2025, an estimated 20,000 full nodes will be publicly reachable, although the total number could be higher if nodes behind firewalls (non-public) and temporary nodes (connecting only occasionally) are taken into account. ❓️What exactly do the various Bitcoin nodes do? 📶 Stay tuned. #node #full #lighting #mining #spv #bitcoin #world