A Cypherpunk's Manifesto
by Eric Hughes
Privacy is necessary for an open society in the electronic age.
Privacy is not secrecy. A private matter is something one doesn't
want the whole world to know, but a secret matter is something one
doesn't want anybody to know. Privacy is the power to selectively
reveal oneself to the world.
If two parties have some sort of dealings, then each has a memory of
their interaction. Each party can speak about their own memory of
this; how could anyone prevent it? One could pass laws against it,
but the freedom of speech, even more than privacy, is fundamental to
an open society; we seek not to restrict any speech at all. If many
parties speak together in the same forum, each can speak to all the
others and aggregate together knowledge about individuals and other
parties. The power of electronic communications has enabled such
group speech, and it will not go away merely because we might want it
to.
Since we desire privacy, we must ensure that each party to a
transaction have knowledge only of that which is directly necessary
for that transaction. Since any information can be spoken of, we
must ensure that we reveal as little as possible. In most cases
personal identity is not salient. When I purchase a magazine at a
store and hand cash to the clerk, there is no need to know who I am.
When I ask my electronic mail provider to send and receive messages,
my provider need not know to whom I am speaking or what I am saying
or what others are saying to me; my provider only need know how to
get the message there and how much I owe them in fees. When my
identity is revealed by the underlying mechanism of the transaction,
I have no privacy. I cannot here selectively reveal myself; I must
_always_ reveal myself.
Therefore, privacy in an open society requires anonymous transaction
systems. Until now, cash has been the primary such system. An
anonymous transaction system is not a secret transaction system. An
anonymous system empowers individuals to reveal their identity when
desired and only when desired; this is the essence of privacy.
Privacy in an open society also requires cryptography. If I say
something, I want it heard only by those for whom I intend it. If
the content of my speech is available to the world, I have no
privacy. To encrypt is to indicate the desire for privacy, and to
encrypt with weak cryptography is to indicate not too much desire for
privacy. Furthermore, to reveal one's identity with assurance when
the default is anonymity requires the cryptographic signature.
We cannot expect governments, corporations, or other large, faceless
organizations to grant us privacy out of their beneficence. It is to
their advantage to speak of us, and we should expect that they will
speak. To try to prevent their speech is to fight against the
realities of information. Information does not just want to be free,
it longs to be free. Information expands to fill the available
storage space. Information is Rumor's younger, stronger cousin;
Information is fleeter of foot, has more eyes, knows more, and
understands less than Rumor.
We must defend our own privacy if we expect to have any. We must
come together and create systems which allow anonymous transactions
to take place. People have been defending their own privacy for
centuries with whispers, darkness, envelopes, closed doors, secret
handshakes, and couriers. The technologies of the past did not allow
for strong privacy, but electronic technologies do.
We the Cypherpunks are dedicated to building anonymous systems. We
are defending our privacy with cryptography, with anonymous mail
forwarding systems, with digital signatures, and with electronic
money.
Cypherpunks write code. We know that someone has to write software
to defend privacy, and since we can't get privacy unless we all do,
we're going to write it. We publish our code so that our fellow
Cypherpunks may practice and play with it. Our code is free for all
to use, worldwide. We don't much care if you don't approve of the
software we write. We know that software can't be destroyed and that
a widely dispersed system can't be shut down.
Cypherpunks deplore regulations on cryptography, for encryption is
fundamentally a private act. The act of encryption, in fact, removes
information from the public realm. Even laws against cryptography
reach only so far as a nation's border and the arm of its violence.
Cryptography will ineluctably spread over the whole globe, and with
it the anonymous transactions systems that it makes possible.
For privacy to be widespread it must be part of a social contract.
People must come and together deploy these systems for the common
good. Privacy only extends so far as the cooperation of one's
fellows in society. We the Cypherpunks seek your questions and your
concerns and hope we may engage you so that we do not deceive
ourselves. We will not, however, be moved out of our course because
some may disagree with our goals.
The Cypherpunks are actively engaged in making the networks safer for
privacy. Let us proceed together apace.
Onward.
Eric Hughes
<hughes@soda.berkeley.edu>
9 March 1993
A letter from a father to his daughter
Probably because I do this work, and because I’m a father too, a friend of mine confided the following letter he wrote some time ago to his own daughter. With his permission, I am sharing it because I was touched by the kindness of his sentiments and the depth of his concerns for his daughter, and I believe it can touch many young women in the same way it must have touched her.
“My dear daughter,
You know I love and cherish you. While you were still in your mom’s womb, I sung lullabies to you so you would know my voice. I can still feel your trusting body on my shoulder when, as an infant, you abandoned yourself in my arms in a peaceful slumber. Your little hands are still holding tightly to my pinkies as you were taking your first steps. You are, in my mind, the toddler running to the door joyfully crying “Daddy, Daddy, Daddy” when I came home after a long journey. You are that young teen girl who came home from school sometimes happy, sometimes worried or sad, and put her head on my shoulder for comfort.
For a father’s heart, there is a time in life that is a small death and I have been preparing for it ever since you left for college miles away from home. It is the time when, one happy day, another man will become number one in your life. It is good and it is hard. Surely every father, no matter how distant, hopes deep inside that this transition will be the happiest, fullest, and most fruitful for his daughter.
We can’t control the future, nor do I wish to control your future. You are you. So what I am about to say is not to direct your life, but comes from the bottom of my heart, and years of “growing up” alongside your mother.
I would like to tell you about two ways that you can find a good man and be prepared to get along with him for the rest of your life.
• Get to know yourself
Before my marriage to your mother, I didn’t know myself very well, neither do I think that she knew herself well. It is thanks to a strong will to make things work no matter what that we stayed together. We had to do the hard work that we should have done earlier in life, even before we started dating. By that I mean the work of discovering what’s inside us that makes us think what we think, feel what we feel, do what we do. We did lots of “fightin’ and hurtin’” before we started figuring some of that out.
Every young woman has wounds and scars that, if unattended, could get in the way of a healthy relationship to themselves and to others. In part because of what parents like me didn’t do as well as they should have. You too have scars, also because of the way our culture is talking to you, with tremendous pressure, about who you are and what you should do.
To find the right man, you will have to have good judgement, which comes from a healthy knowledge of and confidence in who you are. To be able to give to him or receive from him, you will need to know how to give to yourself. To forgive him, you will need to know how to forgive yourself.
Having a mentor, good readings with time for reflection and journaling, and spiritual activities can help you. But if you feel stuck, therapy can also help you learn and practice essential tools to live a happier life. Good therapy teaches people to gain confidence, listen better, to communicate with honesty, and to know how to manage boundaries. It’s not just for people with a mental illness.
• Get to know your body
One more piece of fatherly advice. As you know, your mom and I have practiced this somewhat mysterious way of birth control called natural family planning. We used it ever since we conceived you.
This stuff is more than just contraception. Your mom knows how her body impacts her mood, her energy, her ability to concentrate. She doesn’t think she’s bad if she has less attention at times, or feels a bit down. And because I know it too, since we both follow her daily chart, I can adjust my responses to her and better care for her needs.
I read that the pill and hormonal contraceptives really rob you of yourself, cause you to be a different person because your normal hormonal make-up is hijacked. You’re more savvy than I am and you can do your own research about it, but I heard it even changes the way you perceive men and can lead you to like the wrong type of guy for you. I don’t want that for you.
The reason your mother always hated the idea of taking contraceptives is that they’re harmful for a woman’s health. These medications have high doses of hormones that mess up your body, and can cause blood clots and breast cancer. I know there are certainly good reasons to put off having children before you’re ready, but no unplanned child will give you the grief that one of these diseases will give you. Besides, natural family planning works well to plan the timing of babies for when you are ready.
So, my advice to you is that even before you date a guy, you learn to chart your cycles and get to know your body. It’s the best way to get to know yourself biologically and to address any imbalances earlier rather than later. That will help you in all your relationships, especially with the one that matters the most to you for the future.
If you only knew how proud I am of you. You have already given me joys way beyond my deserving. To see you go off in the world and learn, work, play, make friends, fills me so much confidence in your abilities to be a woman who will have a meaningful life. I know that’s what you’re also looking for. We will always be there to encourage you.
With all my love and gratitude for you,
Dad”
Natural Woman Hood Article
Happy Father’s Day!
Origins of Father’s Day: Why do we celebrate it?
Father’s Day is generally believed to have been inaugurated in 1908 by a West Virginian woman who missed her own dad.
Grace Clayton had lost her father several years before, but was roused to act by an incident that would shake her town for generations. The 1907 Monogah Mining Disaster left a thousand children fatherless, when an accidental explosion killed 250 fathers and 367 men.
Inspired by the US’s first Mother’s Day earlier that year, Clayton encouraged her pastor — Reverend Robert Thomas Webb — to dedicate a special service to the victims of Monogah.
This was held on July 5, the closest Sunday to her own father’s birthday.
So Father’s Day was not originally a day of breakfast in bed and greetings cards. It was a dedication to unforgotten fathers, and a memorial to the tragic loss of men’s lives.
Over 60 years later, in 1972, US president Richard Nixon declared Father’s Day a national holiday, signing the day into law during his re-election campaign.
Similar celebrations throughout history
If we zoom out historically, Father’s Day is actually not that significant a marker.
Ritual celebrations of fatherhood can be found within many civilisations. One that endures comes from Catholic Europe in the Middle Ages, where a religious observance has long been held on the Feast of St Joseph — on March 19.
Joseph, guardian of Jesus, was certainly no Virgin Mary — at least in the eyes of Catholics — but he did a respectable job in the undesirable shadow of The Holy Father. Many men would have felt insufferably “emasculated” by this unchallengeable rival to their wife’s affections. But not Joseph.
Thanks to St Joseph, fathers are still hailed in Catholic countries on the “Festa del papa” (Italy) or “Dia del Padre” (Spain).
The rule of thumb is that Father’s Day falls on the third Sunday of June, meaning the actual date changes annually. This is the US calculation, so some countries around the world opt for different times of year.
