🔵 THE BATHS OF CARACALLA The Baths of Caracalla were one of the largest and most impressive public bath complexes in ancient Rome. Construction began around 206 AD under Emperor Septimius Severus and was completed by his son, Emperor Caracalla, in 216-217 AD. This enormous complex, covering about 33 acres, was more than just a place to bathe; it served as a vital social center for Romans of all classes. Visitors could enjoy a variety of activities, including exercise in the palaestra (an open-air area), relaxation in the caldarium (hot room), tepidarium (warm room), and frigidarium (cold room), and social interaction in the central hall. The baths also featured libraries, shops, gardens, and extensive changing rooms and latrines. The Baths of Caracalla showcased the impressive engineering and architectural skills of the Roman Empire, with innovative features like the hypocaust system (underfloor heating) and the use of concrete. They influenced the design of later bathhouses and public buildings throughout the Roman Empire and beyond. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the baths fell into disrepair and were looted for building materials.

Mainstream Egyptian historical chronology is fake.

🟣 TRAJAN’S REPLY The Emperor's Reply "You have acted quite properly, Pliny, in examining the cases of those Christians brought before you. Nothing definite can be laid down as a general rule. They should not be hunted out. If accusations are made and they are found guilty, they must be punished. But remember that a man may expect pardon from repentance if he denies that he is a Christian, and proves this to your satisfaction, that is by worshiping our gods, however much you may have suspected him in the past. Anonymous lists should have no part in any charge made. That is thoroughly bad practice and not in accordance with the spirit of the age." Pliny the younger

Thus says Cyrus king of Persia: All the kingdoms of the earth the Lord God of heaven has given me. And He has commanded me to build Him a [a]house at Jerusalem which is in Judah. 3 Who is among you of all His people? May his God be with him, and let him go up to Jerusalem which is in Judah, and build the house of the Lord God of Israel (He is God), which is in Jerusalem. 4 And whoever is left in any place where he dwells, let the men of his place help him with silver and gold, with goods and livestock, besides the freewill offerings for the house of God which is in Jerusalem.

⚪️ THE POWER OF THE DRUIDS “Nor is it only in the exigencies of peace, but in their wars as well, that they (the Gauls) obey, before all others, these men and their chanting poets, and such obedience is observed not only by their friends but also by their enemies; many times, for instance, when two armies approach each other in battle with swords drawn and spears thrust forward, these men step forth between them and cause them to cease, as though having cast a spell over certain kinds of wild beasts.” Diodorus Siculus

🟢 THE AQUA APPIA AND HUMAN NATURE “For 441 years from the founding of the City, the Romans were satisfied with the use of whatever water they drew from the Tiber, from wells, or from springs. To this day springs are revered for their sanctity, and their water is thought to bring health to sick bodies. One thinks of the ancient springs of the Camenae, of the . . ., and of Juturna. There are now, however, nine aqueducts from which water converges into Rome. These are named Appia, Anio Vetus, Marcia, Tepula, Julia, Virgo, Alsietina (which is also called Augusta), Claudia, and Anio Novus. In the consul­ship of Marcus Valerius Maximus and Publius Decius Mus [312 B.C.E.], thirty years after the beginning of the Samnite War, the Aqua Appia was brought into the City by the censor Appius Claudius (later called "the Blind"). In that year the same man also had charge of constructing the Appian Road from Porta Capena as far as the city of Capua. Appius' colleague in the censor­ship was Gaius Plautius, called Venox for having discovered the veins of this water. But Plautius resigned from the censor­ship before the eighteen months' term had elapsed, deceived by Appius who pretended he would do likewise, and so the name of the aqueduct fell to the credit of Appius alone. Indeed, Appius is reported to have extended his censor­ship by many subterfuges, until he could complete both the road and the aqueduct.” Sextus Julius Frontinus, De Aquis

Did you know?? Instead of the Iron Dome, the Romans used a concrete dome called the Pantheon, and it actually worked.

The longest siege in history (BC) is the siege of Tyre by Nebuchadnezzar the second, king of the Neo Babylonian empire. 13 years😂 And without a fiat standard. Impressive. The dude didn’t really take the city though, which is kind of sad.

We have all seen the famous lions gate of Mycene, Greece. This photo shows the lions gate of Hattusas, capital of the Hittite empire in modern day Turkey.

⚫️ MARCUS CATO. EQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR OLIVEYARD This is the proper equipment for an oliveyard of 240 iugera or 150 acres. “An overseer, a housekeeper, 5 labourers, 3 teamsters, 1 muleteer, 1 swineherd, 1 shepherd — a total of 13 persons; 3 yoke of oxen, 3 pack-asses to carry manure, 1 ass for the mill, and 100 sheep; 5 complete oil-pressing equipments, 1 copper vessel holding 30 quadrantals, with copper cover, 3 iron hooks, 3 water-pots, 2 funnels, 1 copper vessel holding 5 quadrantals, with copper cover, 3 hooks, 1 small bowl, 2 oil jars, 1 jar holding 50 heminae (?), 1 water bucket, 1 basin, 1 small pot, 1 ewer, 1 platter, 1 chamber-vessel, 1 watering-pot, 1 ladle, 1 candlestick, 1 sextarius measure; 3 large carts, 6 ploughs and ploughshares, 3 yokes fitted with straps, 6 sets of ox harness; 3 1 harrow, 4 manure hampers, 3 manure baskets, 3 pack-saddles, 3 pads for the asses; tools: 8 forks, 8 hoes, 4 spades, 5 shovels, 2 four-toothed rakes, 8 scythes, 5 straw-hooks, 5 pruning-hooks, 3 axes, 3 wedges, 1 hand-mill, 2 tongs, 1 poker, 2 braziers; 4 100 oil-jars, 12 pots, 10 jars for holding grape pulp, 10 for holding amurca, 10 wine jars, 20 grain jars, 1 lupine vat, 10 large jars, 1 wash-tub, 1 bath-tub, 2 water-basins, several covers for jars and pots; 1 donkey-mill, 1 hand-mill, 1 Spanish mill, 3 collars and traces, 1 small table, 2 copper disks, 2 tables, 3 large benches, 1 bedroom stool, 5 3 stools, 4 chairs, 2 arm-chairs, 1 bed in the bedroom, 4 beds on cords, and 3 common beds; 1 wooden mortar, 1 fuller's mortar, 1 loom, 2 mortars, 4 pestles — one for beans, one for grain, one for seed, one for cracking kernels; 1 modius measure, 1 half-modius measure; 8 mattresses, 8 coverlets, 16 cushions, 10 table covers, 3 napkins, 6 servants' hoods.” Marcus Cato, Agriculture

Great lawn mowers.

Middle East: (Roughly) 1000BC Phoenicians 900BC United kingdom of Israël 800BC Aramean kingdoms. 700BC Neo assyrian empire. 600BC Neo assyrian empire. 500BC Neo Babylonian empire. 400BC Persian Median empire. 300BC Macedonian empire. 200BC Seleucid Ptolemaic. kingdoms. 100BC Parthian Armenian Pontic kingdoms 1 BC Roman empire Parthian empire. 2025 AD?

🟡 THE 12TH FULMINATA The 12th Legion, also known as Legio XII Fulminata ("Thunderbolt Twelfth Legion"), was a highly decorated unit of the Roman Imperial army. Raised by Julius Caesar in 58 BC, the legion fought alongside him during his campaigns in Gaul, participating in battles such as the Battle against the Nervians and the Siege of Alesia. During the Roman Civil War, the 12th Legion fought for Caesar against Pompey, and following Caesar's victory, the legion was rewarded with the title "Victrix" (Victorious). Under Mark Antony, the legion was renamed "XII Antiqua" and engaged in conflict against the Parthian Empire in the East. Throughout the Roman Empire, the 12th Legion was stationed in the East, primarily in Syria, where it played a crucial role in defending the eastern frontier. Additionally, the legion participated in suppressing various rebellions and uprisings throughout the Roman Empire.

Remember your Father who is in heaven, especially on Fathers day.

🟤 THE PROCEDURE OF WAR DECLARATION The Romans had a formal and ritualistic process for declaring war. The Roman Senate, the governing body of the Republic, had to first approve the decision to go to war. Following this, the Fetial priests, religious officials, would conduct a solemn ceremony where they declared grievances against the enemy state and demanded restitution. If the enemy did not comply, the Fetial priests would throw a spear into enemy territory, symbolically declaring war. This declaration was then made public to the Roman populace. This process served several purposes, including justifying the war, mobilizing public support, and ensuring that wars were not declared impulsively.

🔶 ORIGINS OF THE PARTHIANS “The Parthians, in whose hands the empire of the east now is, having divided the world, as it were, with the Romans, were originally exiles from Scythia. This is apparent from their very name; for in the Scythian language exiles are called Parthi. During the time of the Assyrians and Medes, they were the most obscure of all the people of the east. Subsequently, too, when the empire of the east was transferred from the Medes to the Persians, they were but as a herd without a name, and fell under the power of the stronger. At last they became subject to the Macedonians, when they conquered the east; so that it must seem wonderful to every one, that they should have reached such a height of good fortune as to rule over those nations under whose sway they had been merely slaves. Being assailed by the Romans, also, in three wars, under the conduct of the greatest generals, and at the most flourishing period of the republic, they alone, of all nations, were not only a match for them, but came off victorious; though it may have been a greater glory to them, indeed, to have been able to rise amidst the Assyrian, Median, and Persian empires, so celebrated of old, and the most powerful dominion of Bactria, peopled with a thousand cities, than to have been victorious in war against a people that came from a distance;” Justinus

🔶 PAPYRUS LETTER FROM ROMAN EGYPT “FROM HILARION TO ALIS Date: 1 B.C. Hilarion to his sister Alis very many greetings, likewise to my lady Berous and Apollonarion. Know that we are still in Alexandria. Do not be anxious; if they really go home, I will remain in Alexandria. I beg and entreat you, take care of the little one, and as soon as we receive our pay I will send it up to you. If by chance you bear a child, if it is a boy, let it be, if it is a girl, cast it out. You have said to Aphrodisias "Do not forget me." How can I forget you? I beg you then not to be anxious. The 29th year of Caesar, Pauni 23. {Addressed, Deliver to Alis from Hilarion.”

I’m pretty racist. But at the same time not racist at all. I feel many everyday people i meet are like that.

🔺 SPARTACUS ESCAPES “The insurrection of the gladiators and their devastation of Italy, which is generally called the war of Spartacus, had its origin as follows. A certain Lentulus Batiatus had a school of gladiators at Capua, most of whom were Gauls and Thracians. Through no misconduct of theirs, but owing to the injustice of their owner, they were kept in close confinement and reserved for gladiatorial combats. Two hundred of these planned to make their escape, and when information was laid against them, those who got wind of it and succeeded in getting away, seventy-eight in number, seized cleavers and spits from some kitchen and sallied out. On the road they fell in with waggons conveying gladiators' weapons to another city; these they plundered and armed themselves. Then they took up a strong position and elected three leaders. The first of these was Spartacus, a Thracian of Nomadic stock, possessed not only of great courage and strength, but also in sagacity and culture superior to his fortune, and more Hellenic than Thracian. It is said that when he was first brought to Rome to be sold, a serpent was seen coiled about his face as he slept, and his wife, who was of the same tribe as Spartacus, a prophetess, and subject to visitations of the Dionysiac frenzy, declared it the sign of a great and formidable power which would attend him to a fortunate issue. This woman shared in his escape and was then living with him.” (Spartacus 103-71 BC was a Thracian gladiator who led a major slave uprising against the Roman Republic known as the Third Servile War 73-71 BC). Plutarch

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